The slogan ‘Jai Hind’ was popularized by Subhas Chandra Bose as a revolutionary salutation for the Indian National Army (INA). It translates to “Victory to India” and was intended to create a sense of national unity beyond religious or regional ...
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While the Marathas were militarily strong, their inability to form a stable diplomatic front against the British proved fatal. Internal rivalries between the Peshwa, Scindia and Holkar allowed the British East India Company to use “divide and rule” tactics. The ...
As the Mughal central authority weakened after Aurangzeb, the “administrative breakdown” in the provinces left a power vacuum. Local governors became independent or grew ineffective, making it easier for the Marathas to demand Chauth and eventually take over these regions. ...
During Shivaji’s era, the focus was on “resistance” through a defensive network of hill forts. However, under the Peshwas, the strategy shifted toward “expansion.” This required moving away from the safety of the Sahyadri mountains into the open plains. The ...