The Delhi Sultanate experienced the highest number of Mongol invasions during Alauddin Khilji’s reign. He successfully repelled these attacks through strong military reforms, frontier defenses, and a well-organized standing army. His effective strategies prevented Mongol expansion into India and ensured ...
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Although Qutbuddin Aibak began constructing the Qutub Minar, it was completed by his successor, Iltutmish. The tower served as a victory monument and a symbol of Islamic power in Delhi. Iltutmish added several storeys and strengthened the structure, making it ...
In the 13th century Delhi Sultanate, the Sipahsalar was the highest-ranking military commander. He was responsible for leading armies, planning campaigns, and advising the Sultan on defence matters. The position carried immense authority and influence. Many powerful nobles rose to ...
Iltutmish introduced the Iqtadari system to organize revenue collection and strengthen administration. Under this system, land was assigned to officials called Iqtadars, who collected revenue in return for maintaining troops. This arrangement helped centralize authority and provided the Sultanate with ...
Ibn Battuta vividly described the painful scene of a woman committing Sati, burning herself on her husband’s funeral pyre while drums beat loudly to drown her cries. His account provides one of the earliest foreign descriptions of this ritual. Though ...