Alauddin Khalji was the first Sultan to maintain a large, permanent standing army directly under the state. He expanded it to protect India from Mongol invasions and enforce his administrative reforms. He paid soldiers in cash and introduced branding of ...
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The Battle of Vaihind (1008–09) was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpal, the Hindu Shahi ruler. Anandpal organized several Rajput chiefs to resist Mahmud’s advance, but internal disunity weakened the confederacy. Mahmud’s superior cavalry and tactics led to his victory, ...
Bahlol Lodi founded the Lodi Dynasty in 1451 CE after taking control of Delhi. He was an Afghan noble who united various Afghan clans and expanded his influence across the Delhi Sultanate. His reign marked the beginning of the last ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded India seventeen times between 1000 CE and 1027 CE. His campaigns targeted wealthy temples and kingdoms, especially in Punjab and Gujarat. The most famous attack was on the Somnath Temple. These invasions were mainly motivated by the ...