Alauddin Khalji once contemplated founding a new religion of his own, drawing an analogy with the Prophet’s four caliphs and his own four powerful Khans. The Ulema and advisers like Alaul Mulk strongly opposed this idea, arguing that only divine ...
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Nalanda University was destroyed during the invasions led by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic Muslim general under Muhammad Ghori. He attacked Bihar around 1202–03, burning libraries and killing monks. This assault ended Nalanda’s centuries-old tradition as a global centre of Buddhist ...
When Alauddin Khilji invaded Devagiri in 1296, its ruler was Ramchandra Dev of the Yadava dynasty. He failed to resist Alauddin’s sudden attack effectively and was forced to surrender. Later, Alauddin treated him generously, restored his kingdom as a vassal ...
Kitab-ul-Hind, written by Alberuni, is called the “mirror of 11th-century India” because it accurately describes Indian society, religion, customs, sciences, geography and philosophy. Alberuni’s unbiased and scientific approach makes the book a reliable source for understanding India during Mahmud Ghaznavi’s ...
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder and first Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty. He established a disciplined administration, built the fortified city Tughlaqabad and worked to strengthen the empire’s economy. His reign marked a transition from the Khilji period’s aggressive expansion ...