Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty and the final Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. His harsh treatment of nobles created internal rebellions, weakening the empire. In 1526, he was defeated by Babur in the First Battle ...
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Iltutmish introduced the Iqtadari system to organize revenue collection and strengthen administration. Under this system, land was assigned to officials called Iqtadars, who collected revenue in return for maintaining troops. This arrangement helped centralize authority and provided the Sultanate with ...
Firdausi, author of the epic Shahnama, was not part of Mahmud Ghaznavi’s Indian expeditions. Though he lived during Mahmud’s time, he worked mainly in Persia. The historians who actually documented Mahmud’s rule were Alberuni (Kitab-ul-Hind), Utbi (Tarikh-i-Yamini), and Vaihaki (Tarikh-i-Subuktagin). ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s last invasion in India was directed against the Jats of Punjab. After returning from Somnath, he found the Jats troubling his armies and obstructing movement. He launched a punitive campaign against them to secure his routes. This attack ...
Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan traveller and scholar who visited India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign in the 14th century. He served as the Qazi of Delhi and later wrote his famous travel account Rihla, describing India’s society, administration, culture ...