The oxidation number of copper is +1 in [Cu(CN)₄]³⁻, represented as Cu(I). It signifies the charge the central atom would carry if ligands and shared electron pairs were removed.

The coordination sphere is [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻, and the counter ion is K⁺ in the complex K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. The entire coordination compound is enclosed in square brackets.

The oxidation number of the central atom in a complex is defined by considering the charge it would have if all ligands and shared electron pairs are removed. It is represented by a Roman numeral in parenthesis following the coordination ...

Homoleptic complexes, like [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, involve a metal bound to only one kind of donor group. Heteroleptic complexes, such as [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]⁺, feature a metal bound to more than one kind of donor group.

Optical isomers are mirror images that cannot be superimposed, known as enantiomers. Enantiomers are chiral and rotate the plane of polarized light either to the right (dextro – d) or to the left (laevo – l) in a polarimeter.