The sigma (σ) bond in alcohols is formed by overlap between a sp³ hybridized orbital of carbon and a sp³ hybridized orbital of oxygen. The bond angle is slightly less than tetrahedral (109°-28’) due to repulsion between the unshared electron ...

Common names of ethers are derived from alkyl/aryl groups in alphabetical order, followed by the word ‘ether’. In IUPAC nomenclature, ethers are considered hydrocarbon derivatives, replacing a hydrogen atom with an –OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent ...

Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are named as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-benzenediol in common nomenclature.

The IUPAC name for the simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol. Substituted compounds use the terms ortho (1,2-disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted), and para (1,4-disubstituted) to indicate substituent positions.

Polyhydric alcohols retain the ‘e’ of the alkane and add the suffix ‘ol,’ with the number of -OH groups indicated by multiplicative prefixes. For cyclic alcohols, the prefix “cyclo” is used, and the —OH group is considered attached to C–1 ...