Chlorophyll, responsible for photosynthesis, is a coordination compound of magnesium. Hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in blood, is a coordination compound of iron. Vitamin B₁₂, vital for combating pernicious anemia, is a coordination compound of cobalt.

Extraction processes for metals like silver and gold involve complex formation, such as the formation of [Au(CN)₂]⁻ in the presence of cyanide. Purification of metals, as seen in the case of nickel, involves converting impure nickel to [Ni(CO)₄], which is ...

The hardness of water is determined by titration with Na₂EDTA. Calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions form stable complexes with EDTA, allowing for their selective estimation based on the difference in the stability constants of their complexes.

Coordination compounds are essential in qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Metal ions react with ligands, forming coordination entities, which serve as the basis for detection and estimation. Reagents like EDTA, DMG, a–nitroso–b–naphthol, and cupron are commonly used.

The M–C s bond results from the donation of lone pair electrons on the carbonyl carbon into a vacant orbital of the metal, while the M–C p bond arises from the donation of a pair of electrons from a filled ...

Decacarbonyldimanganese(0) consists of two square pyramidal Mn(CO)₅ units joined by a Mn–Mn bond, showcasing a distinctive manganese-manganese interaction.

Tetracarbonylnickel(0) exhibits a tetrahedral structure, pentacarbonyliron(0) is trigonal bipyramidal, and hexacarbonyl chromium(0) adopts an octahedral coordination geometry.

Ligand field theory (LFT) and molecular orbital theory (MOT) are theories that go beyond the crystal field model, providing a more comprehensive explanation for the bonding, structures, and properties of coordination compounds.

The crystal field model does not consider the covalent character of bonding between ligands and the central atom, which is a weakness of the model.

The CFT assumes ligands as point charges, leading to the expectation that anionic ligands would have the highest splitting effect. However, this contradicts the observed positioning of anionic ligands at the low end of the spectrochemical series.