The primary structure of nucleic acids refers to the sequence of nucleotides in the chain, while the secondary structure, proposed by Watson and Crick, reveals a double-strand helix structure for DNA with complementary base pairs held by hydrogen bonds.

A nucleoside is formed by attaching a base to the 1’ position of a sugar. Nucleotides are created when a nucleoside links to phosphoric acid at the 5’-position of the sugar, and nucleotides join through phosphodiester linkages.

Chromosomes, composed of proteins and nucleic acids, carry hereditary traits. Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, function as long chain polymers of nucleotides, playing a crucial role in transmitting inherent characteristics across generations.

Vitamins play a vital role in health, and deficiencies can lead to diseases. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored, while water-soluble vitamins (B group, C) need consistent intake due to rapid excretion.

The coagulation of egg white on boiling and the curdling of milk due to the formation of lactic acid by bacteria are common examples of denaturation, causing changes in the structure and activity of proteins.