Substituents affect carboxylic acid acidity by influencing the stability of the conjugate base. Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base through inductive and/or resonance effects, while electron-donating groups decrease acidity by destabilizing the conjugate base.

Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols because the carboxylate ion, the conjugate base of carboxylic acids, is more stabilized with two equivalent resonance structures, while the phenoxide ion has non-equivalent resonance structures, leading to less effective delocalization and lower ...

Carboxylic acids are among the most acidic organic compounds due to the stabilization of their conjugate base, the carboxylate ion, through two equivalent resonance structures. This contrasts with phenols, where the phenoxide ion has non-equivalent resonance structures, making carboxylic acids ...

Nitriles are hydrolyzed to amides and then to carboxylic acids in the presence of H⁺ or OH⁻ as catalysts. Mild reaction conditions are employed to halt the reaction at the amide stage.

Primary and secondary alkyl groups in alkylbenzenes are oxidized to form carboxylic acids. The oxidation is achieved through the use of oxidizing agents such as chromic acid or acidic/alkaline potassium permanganate.

Aromatic carboxylic acids are prepared by oxidizing alkylbenzenes using chromic acid or acidic/alkaline potassium permanganate. The entire side chain is oxidized to the carboxyl group, with primary and secondary alkyl groups affected while tertiary groups remain unaffected.

Carboxylic acids are obtained from primary alcohols through oxidation using oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate (Jones reagent). Aldehydes can also be converted to carboxylic acids using mild oxidizing agents.

Compounds with multiple carboxyl groups are named by numbering the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups, adding the multiplicative prefix (dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc.) to the parent alkyl chain name, and indicating the position of –COOH groups with arabic numerals.

Aliphatic carboxylic acids in the IUPAC system are named by replacing the ending –e in the corresponding alkane name with –oic acid. The carboxylic carbon is numbered one in the carbon chain.

Carboxylic acids are named using common names derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources, and the names end with the suffix –ic acid.