The significant difference in boiling points between alcohols and ethers is attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols. Hydrogen bonding increases the intermolecular forces in alcohols, elevating their boiling points compared to ethers.

Ethers have polar C-O bonds, resulting in a net dipole moment. The weak polarity of ethers has a minor impact on boiling points, which are comparable to alkanes but significantly lower than alcohols due to the absence of hydrogen bonding.

Phenols are converted to ethers in Williamson synthesis by utilizing phenol as the phenoxide moiety. This involves the reaction of phenol with alkyl halides, allowing for the formation of ethers through the substitution reaction.

Williamson synthesis is a laboratory method for preparing symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers by reacting alkyl halides with sodium alkoxide. It is especially effective for ethers containing substituted alkyl groups, and better results are obtained when the alkyl halide is primary.

The reaction in Williamson synthesis involves an SN₂ attack of an alkoxide ion on a primary alkyl halide. Primary alkyl halides are preferred as better results are obtained, whereas secondary and tertiary alkyl halides may lead to elimination reactions, with ...