In the SN₂ reaction, the incoming nucleophile interacts with the alkyl halide, causing simultaneous breaking of the carbon-halide bond and formation of a new bond between carbon and the attacking nucleophile. The transition state involves the inversion of configuration as ...

The reaction between CH₃Cl and hydroxide ion follows second-order kinetics, indicating a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN₂) reaction where the rate depends on the concentrations of both reactants.

Allylic halides have the halogen atom bonded to an sp³-hybridized carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). The distinguishing feature is the location of the halogen atom in proximity to the double bond.

Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the nature of the carbon atom to which the halogen is attached. The terms used for these classifications are 1° alkyl halide (primary), 2° alkyl halide (secondary), and 3° ...

The deficiency of thyroxine causes a disease called goiter, which is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck.

Haloalkanes have halogen atoms attached to the sp³ hybridized carbon atom of an alkyl group, while haloarenes have halogen atoms attached to sp² hybridized carbon atom(s) of an aryl group.

Chloramphenicol is a chlorine-containing antibiotic produced by microorganisms and is effective for the treatment of typhoid fever.

Chelate therapy is used to treat problems caused by toxic metal proportions in biological systems. D-penicillamine and desferrioxime B remove excess copper and iron, respectively, through the formation of coordination compounds. EDTA is employed in treating lead poisoning.

Complexes [Ag(CN)₂]⁻ and [Au(CN)₂]⁻ enable smoother and more even electroplating of silver and gold than simple metal ions. In black and white photography, the developed film is fixed by washing with hypo solution, forming the complex ion [Ag(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻ that dissolves ...

Coordination compounds, such as the rhodium complex [(Ph₃P)₃RhCl], known as the Wilkinson catalyst, serve as catalysts in industrial processes. This complex is used for the hydrogenation of alkenes.