Haloalkanes have low solubility in water because energy is required to overcome attractions between haloalkane molecules and break hydrogen bonds in water. The new attractions between haloalkanes and water molecules are weaker than the original hydrogen bonds in water, resulting ...

Bromo, iodo, and polychloro derivatives of hydrocarbons are heavier than water, and their density increases with the number of carbon atoms, halogen atoms, and the atomic mass of the halogen atoms.

The symmetry of para-isomers allows for a better fit in the crystal lattice, resulting in higher melting points compared to their ortho- and meta-isomers.

Boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF. This trend is attributed to the increase in size and mass of the halogen atom, leading to stronger van der Waals forces.

Halogen derivatives have greater polarity and higher molecular mass compared to parent hydrocarbons, resulting in stronger intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van der Waals). This leads to higher boiling points in chlorides, bromides, and iodides compared to hydrocarbons of ...

Fluoro compounds are not prepared by electrophilic substitution due to the high reactivity of fluorine. Reactions with iodine are reversible, and the presence of an oxidizing agent (HNO₃, HIO₄) is needed to oxidize the HI formed during iodination, making the ...

Sandmeyer’s reaction involves treating a primary aromatic amine with sodium nitrite in cold aqueous mineral acid to form a diazonium salt. Mixing the diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide replaces the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br. For ...

Aryl chlorides and bromides are prepared by electrophilic substitution of arenes with chlorine and bromine, respectively, in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts like iron or iron(III) chloride. The ortho and para isomers can be easily separated based on their ...

The Swarts reaction involves heating an alkyl chloride or bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg₂F₂, CoF₂, or SbF₃. This reaction is employed for the synthesis of alkyl fluorides, making it the most effective method ...

Alkyl iodides are synthesized in the Finkelstein reaction by reacting alkyl chlorides or bromides with NaI in dry acetone. NaCl or NaBr formed is precipitated, facilitating the forward reaction according to Le Chatelier’s Principle.