In ethers, the four electron pairs on oxygen, two bond pairs and two lone pairs, are arranged approximately tetrahedrally. The bond angle is slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle due to repulsive interactions between the two bulky (–R) groups attached ...

In phenol, the carbon–oxygen bond length is shorter (136 pm) than in methanol due to partial double bond character resulting from the conjugation of the unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring and the sp² hybridization of the ...

The sigma (σ) bond in alcohols is formed by overlap between a sp³ hybridized orbital of carbon and a sp³ hybridized orbital of oxygen. The bond angle is slightly less than tetrahedral (109°-28’) due to repulsion between the unshared electron ...

Common names of ethers are derived from alkyl/aryl groups in alphabetical order, followed by the word ‘ether’. In IUPAC nomenclature, ethers are considered hydrocarbon derivatives, replacing a hydrogen atom with an –OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent ...

Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are named as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-benzenediol in common nomenclature.

The IUPAC name for the simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol. Substituted compounds use the terms ortho (1,2-disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted), and para (1,4-disubstituted) to indicate substituent positions.

Polyhydric alcohols retain the ‘e’ of the alkane and add the suffix ‘ol,’ with the number of -OH groups indicated by multiplicative prefixes. For cyclic alcohols, the prefix “cyclo” is used, and the —OH group is considered attached to C–1 ...

In the IUPAC system, the name of an alcohol is derived from the corresponding alkane by replacing ‘e’ with ‘ol’. Substituent positions are indicated using numerals, starting from the end nearest to the hydroxyl group.

The common name of an alcohol is derived from the common name of the alkyl group, with the word “alcohol” added. For example, CH₃OH is called methyl alcohol.

Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical if the attached alkyl or aryl groups are the same, and mixed or unsymmetrical if the groups are different. Diethyl ether is an example of a symmetrical ether, while C₂H₅OCH₃ is an example ...