Carboxylic acids are obtained from primary alcohols through oxidation using oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate (Jones reagent). Aldehydes can also be converted to carboxylic acids using mild oxidizing agents.

Compounds with multiple carboxyl groups are named by numbering the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups, adding the multiplicative prefix (dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc.) to the parent alkyl chain name, and indicating the position of –COOH groups with arabic numerals.

Aliphatic carboxylic acids in the IUPAC system are named by replacing the ending –e in the corresponding alkane name with –oic acid. The carboxylic carbon is numbered one in the carbon chain.

Carboxylic acids are named using common names derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources, and the names end with the suffix –ic acid.

Carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, are abundant in nature. They serve as starting materials for various organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides, and amides.

Carboxylic acids can be classified as aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) based on whether the attached group is alkyl or aryl. Fatty acids, esters of glycerol, are examples of higher aliphatic carboxylic acids.

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH, which consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.

Aldehydes and ketones serve as solvents, starting materials, and reagents in the chemical industry. Examples include formaldehyde used in preserving biological specimens and making bakelite, acetaldehyde in the production of acetic acid and polymers, and benzaldehyde in perfumery and dye ...

Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo electrophilic substitution on the aromatic ring, where the carbonyl group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group.

The Cannizzaro reaction involves self-oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) of aldehydes without an α-hydrogen atom when heated with concentrated alkali. Aldehydes lacking α-hydrogen atoms participate in this reaction.