CBSE Grade 6 Ganita Prakash Chapter 4 “Data Handling and Presentation” introduces data collection, organization using tally marks and tables, and visual representation through pictographs and bar graphs. It emphasizes practical applications, choosing accurate scales, and creating visually appealing yet ...
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The lanthanoid contraction causes the radii of the third transition series elements to be very similar to those of the corresponding second series elements. The nearly identical radii of Zr (160 pm) and Hf (159 pm), resulting from the lanthanoid ...
The lanthanoid contraction is caused by imperfect shielding of one electron by another in the same sub-shell. While the decrease in atomic radii is not quite regular, M³⁺ ions exhibit a more regular contraction. This is attributed to the imperfect ...
The lanthanoid contraction refers to the overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium. It is a unique feature in the chemistry of the lanthanoids and has far-reaching consequences, particularly in the third transition series.
The chemistry of actinoids is more complex due to a wide range of oxidation states and the complications arising from their radioactivity. The occurrence of various oxidation states and the challenges posed by radioactivity make the study of actinoids more ...
Lanthanoids closely resemble each other more than ordinary transition elements in any series. They exhibit only one stable oxidation state, providing an excellent opportunity to examine the impact of small changes in size and nuclear charge along the series.
The f-block consists of the lanthanoids and actinoids. Lanthanum, closely resembling lanthanoids, is typically included in discussions of the lanthanoids, often denoted by the general symbol Ln.
Acidified permanganate solution acts as a powerful oxidizing agent, converting oxalates to carbon dioxide, iron(II) to iron(III), nitrites to nitrates, and iodides to free iodine through oxidation reactions.
Manganate and permanganate ions adopt tetrahedral geometry, with p-bonding occurring through the overlap of p orbitals of oxygen with d orbitals of manganese. The paramagnetism of green manganate arises from one unpaired electron, while permanganate is diamagnetic due to the ...
Manganese compounds exhibit intense color and diamagnetism with temperature-dependent weak paramagnetism. The explanation lies in molecular orbital theory, which involves the overlap of p orbitals of oxygen with d orbitals of manganese.