Centrifugation is used in laboratories to separate components of a mixture based on density. By spinning samples rapidly, denser components move to the bottom, allowing precise separation and analysis of different substances.
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A fractionating column enhances distillation by providing multiple condensation and vaporization stages, improving the separation of components with closer boiling points. This results in a more efficient and purer separation of substances.
Simple distillation is used for separating liquids with significantly different boiling points, while fractional distillation is for liquids with closer boiling points, using a fractionating column to improve separation efficiency.
Chromatography separates components based on differences in their movement through a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Components move at different rates, allowing for their separation and analysis.