To measure temperature with a laboratory thermometer, immerse the bulb in the substance or environment being measured, wait until the liquid stabilizes, and then read the temperature from the scale. Ensure accurate placement.
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A laboratory thermometer is not used to measure body temperature because it has a wide range and low sensitivity, which makes it unsuitable for accurately measuring the narrow temperature range of the human body.
To measure temperatures beyond the range of a clinical thermometer, use specialized thermometers such as digital thermometers, infrared thermometers, or laboratory thermometers designed for higher or lower temperature ranges, depending on the measurement needs.
The freezing point of water, 0°C or 32°F, serves as a reference point for many temperature scales and helps calibrate thermometers.
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material. It occurs when particles in the material collide, passing energy from the hotter to the cooler parts.
Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation. These processes involve the movement of thermal energy from a hotter area to a cooler one.
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1°C. It varies for different materials.
Bridges have expansion joints to allow for thermal expansion and contraction. These joints prevent damage by accommodating changes in the length of the bridge due to temperature variations.
Digital thermometers use electronic sensors to measure temperature and display the reading on a digital screen. They are fast, accurate, and commonly used in medical, industrial, and household applications.
The Kelvin scale is important in science because it starts at absolute zero, providing a direct measure of thermal energy. It is used in scientific calculations and studies involving temperature.