The different phases of the Moon are caused by its changing position relative to Earth and the Sun. As the Moon orbits Earth, varying amounts of its illuminated half are visible from Earth.
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Meteoroids are small fragments of asteroids or comets that orbit the Sun. When they enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up due to friction, they create a bright streak called a meteor or shooting star.
The closest star to Earth, aside from the Sun, is Proxima Centauri. It is part of the Alpha Centauri star system and is located approximately 4.24 light-years away from us, making it the nearest known star.
Yes, we can identify planets by their distinct motion and steady light. Unlike constellations, which form recognizable patterns of stars, planets move along the ecliptic path and shine steadily, making them distinguishable from the fixed stars in constellations.