Lenses refract light, converging (convex) or diverging (concave) based on shape. They produce real or virtual images, affecting magnification and focus. Commonly used in cameras, eyeglasses, and microscopes.
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A concave mirror curves inward and reflects light. It converges parallel rays to a focal point, enabling real or virtual image formation. Used in applications like makeup mirrors and telescopes.
Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal with atomic number 11. It’s silver-white, soft, and abundant in nature. It reacts vigorously with water, producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Water hardness is a measure of the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. It affects soap effectiveness and can lead to scale buildup. Hard water is classified as temporary or permanent.
CBSE Science Class 10 Sample Question Paper 2023-2024 pdf free download with solutions