The outer layer of a branch of a tree typically undergoes changes as the plant ages, forming cork tissue to provide additional protection. In contrast, the outer layer of a young stem may consist of primary meristem and epidermal tissue.

Desert plants often have a thick waxy coating of cutin on the outer surface of their epidermis. This cuticle acts as a waterproof barrier, reducing water loss through transpiration and helping the plant conserve water in arid environments.

The long, hairlike structures on the epidermal cells of roots increase the total absorptive surface area of the root system. These structures enhance water and nutrient absorption from the soil, aiding in the plant’s growth and survival.

Stomata play a significant role in transpiration by allowing water vapor to escape from the plant through their pores. The opening and closing of stomata regulate the rate of transpiration, helping to maintain water balance within the plant.

Stomata consist of two guard cells that flank a pore. These guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal pore to control gas exchange and water loss. The stomatal complex is embedded within the epidermis of leaves.