Mongol incursions into northwestern India occurred during Iltutmish’s period (early 13th century). The Mongol advance under Genghis Khan’s generals threatened the northwestern frontiers, compelling Iltutmish to strengthen frontier defenses and manage refugee flows. Although Genghis Khan’s main thrust bypassed deep ...
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Firoz Shah Tughlaq set up the Diwan-i-Bandagan — a bureau managing royal slaves and their affairs — reflecting his administrative reorganization. The other statements are incorrect or misattributed: Diwan-i-Arz (military department) had varied origins, horse-branding reforms are usually linked to ...
Nasiruddin Mahmud (the later Tughlaq scion) is generally reckoned among the last rulers associated with the Tughlaq line in Delhi before the dynasty’s decline and replacement by Timurids and Sayyids. His weak rule and the chaotic political environment marked the ...
The Lodi dynasty chronology begins with Bahlol Lodi (founder, r. 1451–1489), followed by his son Sikandar Lodi (r. 1489–1517) and finally Ibrahim Lodi (r. 1517–1526), who was defeated by Babur at Panipat in 1526. Option (D) correctly preserves this sequence ...
Iltutmish recognised the Doab (the rich land between Ganga and Yamuna) as economically vital. He consolidated control over this agriculturally fertile region to secure revenue, supply lines and strategic depth. By prioritizing the Doab, Iltutmish strengthened the Sultanate’s fiscal base ...