The meaning of the Jihad waged by Emperor Aurangzeb was the transformation of Dar-ul-Harb (land of war/non-Islamic rule) into Dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam/Islamic rule). This goal underpinned his orthodox policies, including the reimposition of Jaziya and his long, costly military ...
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The Masnavi which is a collection of rules on Muslim law by Babur is the Mubayyin. Written in Persian, the Mubayyin (meaning ‘The Clarification’) focuses on the principles of Hanafi jurisprudence. It reflects Babur’s scholarship and his effort to simplify ...
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was prevented from entering Delhi by his powerful Wazir Ghaziuddin Imad-ul-Mulk. In 1760, fearing the Wazir’s power and manipulation, Shah Alam II chose to stay in exile rather than return to his capital, where ...
Sher Shah Suri (then known as Sher Khan) first adopted the modest title of ‘Hazrat-e-Ala’ after his victory at the Battle of Chausa in 1539. This title was a strategic assertion of independence. Following his decisive victory over Humayun in ...
The magnificent Persian epic, ‘Dastan-e-Amir Hamza’ (or Hamzanama), was illustrated under the initial supervision of Mir Sayyid Ali and later completed under Abdus Samad. Commissioned by Emperor Akbar early in his reign, this massive project involved hundreds of large-scale paintings, ...