(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involvRead more
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific
forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involving the people who live near the forests.
(ii) In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves Known sarnas, devarakudu. kan, rai, etc. Some villages have been patrolling their own forests.
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise itRead more
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it were Samin’s sons-in-law. By 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch carne to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
(i) Java is in Indonesia. (ii) The population of Java was 3.4 million in 1600. (iii) There were many villages in the fertile plains, but there were also many communities living in the mountains and practising shifting cultivation. (iv) Kalangs was its famous community. It was a community of skilledRead more
(i) Java is in Indonesia.
(ii) The population of Java was 3.4 million in 1600.
(iii) There were many villages in the fertile plains, but there were also many communities living in the mountains and practising shifting cultivation.
(iv) Kalangs was its famous community. It was a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mata ram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdom. Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak for the kings to build their palaces.
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below: (i) The rural landscape was radically transformed. (ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined. (iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands iRead more
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below:
(i) The rural landscape was radically transformed.
(ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined.
(iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands increasingly restricted by rules and regulations.
(iv) They struggled to meet pressures of government revenue demand.
(v) The rural India began to produce a range of crops for the world market; such as jute, cotton and wheat.
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. (ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains. (iii) The crop is harvested by October - November. (iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the foreRead more
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation.
(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
(iii) The crop is harvested by October – November.
(iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
(v) A mixture of crops is grown back.
(vi) In central India and Africa, it could be millets, in Brazil manioc, and in other parts of Latin America maize and beans..
Describe in brief the new developments in forestry since 1980s.
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involvRead more
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific
See lessforestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involving the people who live near the forests.
(ii) In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves Known sarnas, devarakudu. kan, rai, etc. Some villages have been patrolling their own forests.
Why did Samin challenge the Dutch in Java?
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise itRead more
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it were Samin’s sons-in-law. By 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch carne to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
See lessWhat is geographical location of Java? What was its condition in 1600? Which was its famous community and why?
(i) Java is in Indonesia. (ii) The population of Java was 3.4 million in 1600. (iii) There were many villages in the fertile plains, but there were also many communities living in the mountains and practising shifting cultivation. (iv) Kalangs was its famous community. It was a community of skilledRead more
(i) Java is in Indonesia.
See less(ii) The population of Java was 3.4 million in 1600.
(iii) There were many villages in the fertile plains, but there were also many communities living in the mountains and practising shifting cultivation.
(iv) Kalangs was its famous community. It was a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mata ram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdom. Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak for the kings to build their palaces.
Briefly describe the effects of expansion of cultivation during the colonial rule in India. Mention any three points.
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below: (i) The rural landscape was radically transformed. (ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined. (iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands iRead more
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below:
See less(i) The rural landscape was radically transformed.
(ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined.
(iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands increasingly restricted by rules and regulations.
(iv) They struggled to meet pressures of government revenue demand.
(v) The rural India began to produce a range of crops for the world market; such as jute, cotton and wheat.
Explain the procedure of cultivation that is followed in shifting cultivation.
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. (ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains. (iii) The crop is harvested by October - November. (iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the foreRead more
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation.
See less(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
(iii) The crop is harvested by October – November.
(iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
(v) A mixture of crops is grown back.
(vi) In central India and Africa, it could be millets, in Brazil manioc, and in other parts of Latin America maize and beans..