Ans. The main facts that are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoon are given below: (a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure. (b) The shift of the position of IRead more
Ans. The main facts that are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoon are given below:
(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5° N of the equator -also known as the monsoon-trough during the monsoon season).
(c) The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.
(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer which results in strong vertical air current and the formation of high pressure over the plateau at about 9 km hove sea level.
(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
(f) Changes in the pressure conditions over the southern oceans also affect the monsoon Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experience he pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experience low pressure
(i) The monsoon are not steady winds but are pulsating in nature (ii) The duration of the monsoon in between 100-120 days from early June to mid September (iii) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June. (iv) Subsequently, it divides into twoRead more
(i) The monsoon are not steady winds but are pulsating in nature
(ii) The duration of the monsoon in between 100-120 days from early June to mid September
(iii) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June.
(iv) Subsequently, it divides into two branches-the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay or Buna branch.
(v) The Arabian branch reaches Mumbai on approximately the 10h of June.
(vi) The Bay of Bengal branch arrives in Assam in the first week of The Inter mountains cause the monsoon winds to detect towards the west over the Ganga plains
(vii) The Arabian Sea branch after reaching Saurashtra and the control part of the country Boy mid June, join the Bay Bengal branch over the north were part of the Gang plans.
(viii) The Bay of Bengal branch reaches Delhi by the end of June (tentative date is 29th June).
(ix) Monsoons reach western UP, Punjab, Haryana and eastern Rajasthan in the first week of July.
(x) By mid-July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and the rest of the country.
The main features of the hot weather season are as follows: (i) The hot, weather season remains from March to May. (ii) The temperature rises at different latitudes i.e., in March highest is about 38° Celsius on the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh 42° Celsius in April and 45° celsius in MRead more
The main features of the hot weather season are as follows:
(i) The hot, weather season remains from March to May.
(ii) The temperature rises at different latitudes i.e., in March highest is about 38° Celsius on the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh 42° Celsius in April and 45° celsius in May in northwestern parts of the country.
(iii) In peninsular India, temperatures remain lower due to the moderating influence of the oceans.
(iv) There is rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country.
(v) A striking feature is the ‘loo’. These are strong, gusty, hot and dry winds.
(vi) Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India.
(vii) It is a season for localised thunder-storms, associated with violent winds, torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail. In West Bengal, these storms are called “Kaal Baisakhi”.
(viii) Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common especially in Kerala and Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes and are often referred to as ‘mango showers’.
The main features of the Advancing monsoon or the Rainy season which is known as south-west monsoon are as given below: (i) The winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour. (ii) Ii brings a total change in the weather. Early in the season, the windward side of the Western GhatRead more
The main features of the Advancing monsoon or the Rainy season which is known as south-west monsoon are as given below:
(i) The winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour.
(ii) Ii brings a total change in the weather. Early in the season, the windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall, more than 250 cm. The Deccan Plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rain in spite of lying in the rain shadow area.
(iii) Maximum rainfall is received in the north-eastern part of the country.
(iv) Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world. Rainfall in the Ganga plains decreases from the east to the west. Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall. It has ‘breaks’in rainfall i.e., If has wet and dry spells. The’breaks’are due to the movement of the monsoon trough. The heavy rains in the plains bring devastating floods, causing damage to life and property. The monsoon is known for its
uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity frequency, and duration. It may cause floods, as well as droughts. It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat and, therefore, disturbs the farming schedule of the farmers.
(a) During October-November-, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south, the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains become weaker. It is replaced by a high pressure system which weakens the monsoon winds. They therefore, start Withdrawing gradually. (b) TheRead more
(a) During October-November-, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south, the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains become weaker. It is replaced by a high pressure system which weakens the monsoon winds. They therefore, start Withdrawing gradually.
(b) The monsoons retreat from most parts of India by mid-October.
(c) The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature.
(d) While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant.
(e) Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity,, the weather becomes
rather oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as ‘October heat.’
(o) Causes : The causes were as follows : (i) In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce. (ii) only, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worRead more
(o) Causes : The causes were as follows : (i) In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
(ii) only, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire. These were called ,forest villages,.
(iii) People from other villages than forest villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.
(iv) For long people had been suffering from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
(v) The famines in 1899-1900 and 1907-1908 too had affected the lives of people and they faced great hardships. As a result of above factors they rose against the colonial rule.
(b) Events : Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Bazaars were looted, the houses of the officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
(i) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau' To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati windsRead more
(i) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh
and borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau’ To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati winds across Bastar east to west.
(ii) Bastar’s communities : A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Maria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages.
(iii) Customs and beliefs in Bastar:
(a) They share common customs and beliefs.
(b) They believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return, they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(c) They show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(iv) System of administration of villages in Bastar:
(a) The local people look after all the natural resources of the village.
(b) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributes some grain to pay them. Every year there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in a pargana meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.
The causes for deforestation in India were as follows: (i) The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton because the demand for these crops increased in Europe due lo increase in population. In addition to this raw materials were required for iRead more
The causes for deforestation in India were as follows:
(i) The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton because the demand for these crops increased in Europe due lo increase in population. In addition to this raw materials were required for industrial production.
(ii) They thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could -yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state. So between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area increased by 6.7 million hectares.
(iii) With the shortage of oak forests in England in the early nineteenth century, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber was exported from India to meet the timber supply of Royal Navy.
(iv) The spread of railways too created an additional demand of timber. Wood was
required to run locomotives and sleepers for laying railway lines.
(v) Large areas of natural forests were cleared for tea. coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.
(vi) The expansion of cultivation was seen as a sign of progress but for land to be brought under the plough, forests had to be cleared.
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involvRead more
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific
forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involving the people who live near the forests.
(ii) In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves Known sarnas, devarakudu. kan, rai, etc. Some villages have been patrolling their own forests.
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise itRead more
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it were Samin’s sons-in-law. By 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch carne to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
Describe the main facts that are important to understand the mechanisrn of the Indian monsoon.
Ans. The main facts that are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoon are given below: (a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure. (b) The shift of the position of IRead more
Ans. The main facts that are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoon are given below:
See less(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5° N of the equator -also known as the monsoon-trough during the monsoon season).
(c) The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.
(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer which results in strong vertical air current and the formation of high pressure over the plateau at about 9 km hove sea level.
(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
(f) Changes in the pressure conditions over the southern oceans also affect the monsoon Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experience he pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experience low pressure
Write a note on the onset of the monsoon.
(i) The monsoon are not steady winds but are pulsating in nature (ii) The duration of the monsoon in between 100-120 days from early June to mid September (iii) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June. (iv) Subsequently, it divides into twoRead more
(i) The monsoon are not steady winds but are pulsating in nature
See less(ii) The duration of the monsoon in between 100-120 days from early June to mid September
(iii) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June.
(iv) Subsequently, it divides into two branches-the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay or Buna branch.
(v) The Arabian branch reaches Mumbai on approximately the 10h of June.
(vi) The Bay of Bengal branch arrives in Assam in the first week of The Inter mountains cause the monsoon winds to detect towards the west over the Ganga plains
(vii) The Arabian Sea branch after reaching Saurashtra and the control part of the country Boy mid June, join the Bay Bengal branch over the north were part of the Gang plans.
(viii) The Bay of Bengal branch reaches Delhi by the end of June (tentative date is 29th June).
(ix) Monsoons reach western UP, Punjab, Haryana and eastern Rajasthan in the first week of July.
(x) By mid-July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and the rest of the country.
Explain the features of the hot weather season (summer).
The main features of the hot weather season are as follows: (i) The hot, weather season remains from March to May. (ii) The temperature rises at different latitudes i.e., in March highest is about 38° Celsius on the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh 42° Celsius in April and 45° celsius in MRead more
The main features of the hot weather season are as follows:
See less(i) The hot, weather season remains from March to May.
(ii) The temperature rises at different latitudes i.e., in March highest is about 38° Celsius on the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh 42° Celsius in April and 45° celsius in May in northwestern parts of the country.
(iii) In peninsular India, temperatures remain lower due to the moderating influence of the oceans.
(iv) There is rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country.
(v) A striking feature is the ‘loo’. These are strong, gusty, hot and dry winds.
(vi) Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India.
(vii) It is a season for localised thunder-storms, associated with violent winds, torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail. In West Bengal, these storms are called “Kaal Baisakhi”.
(viii) Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common especially in Kerala and Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes and are often referred to as ‘mango showers’.
Describe the main features of the Advancing Monsoon or the Rainy season or the south-west Monsoon.
The main features of the Advancing monsoon or the Rainy season which is known as south-west monsoon are as given below: (i) The winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour. (ii) Ii brings a total change in the weather. Early in the season, the windward side of the Western GhatRead more
The main features of the Advancing monsoon or the Rainy season which is known as south-west monsoon are as given below:
See less(i) The winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour.
(ii) Ii brings a total change in the weather. Early in the season, the windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall, more than 250 cm. The Deccan Plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rain in spite of lying in the rain shadow area.
(iii) Maximum rainfall is received in the north-eastern part of the country.
(iv) Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world. Rainfall in the Ganga plains decreases from the east to the west. Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall. It has ‘breaks’in rainfall i.e., If has wet and dry spells. The’breaks’are due to the movement of the monsoon trough. The heavy rains in the plains bring devastating floods, causing damage to life and property. The monsoon is known for its
uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity frequency, and duration. It may cause floods, as well as droughts. It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat and, therefore, disturbs the farming schedule of the farmers.
Write a short note on the retreating monsoon or the transition season.
(a) During October-November-, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south, the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains become weaker. It is replaced by a high pressure system which weakens the monsoon winds. They therefore, start Withdrawing gradually. (b) TheRead more
(a) During October-November-, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south, the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains become weaker. It is replaced by a high pressure system which weakens the monsoon winds. They therefore, start Withdrawing gradually.
See less(b) The monsoons retreat from most parts of India by mid-October.
(c) The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature.
(d) While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant.
(e) Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity,, the weather becomes
rather oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as ‘October heat.’
Describe the causes, events and effects of the rebellion by the people of Baster against the colonial rule.
(o) Causes : The causes were as follows : (i) In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce. (ii) only, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worRead more
(o) Causes : The causes were as follows : (i) In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
See less(ii) only, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire. These were called ,forest villages,.
(iii) People from other villages than forest villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.
(iv) For long people had been suffering from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
(v) The famines in 1899-1900 and 1907-1908 too had affected the lives of people and they faced great hardships. As a result of above factors they rose against the colonial rule.
(b) Events : Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Bazaars were looted, the houses of the officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
Write an essay on Baster and its communities.
(i) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau' To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati windsRead more
(i) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh
See lessand borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau’ To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati winds across Bastar east to west.
(ii) Bastar’s communities : A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Maria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages.
(iii) Customs and beliefs in Bastar:
(a) They share common customs and beliefs.
(b) They believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return, they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(c) They show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(iv) System of administration of villages in Bastar:
(a) The local people look after all the natural resources of the village.
(b) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributes some grain to pay them. Every year there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in a pargana meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.
What were the causes of deforestation in India? Explain any five point.
The causes for deforestation in India were as follows: (i) The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton because the demand for these crops increased in Europe due lo increase in population. In addition to this raw materials were required for iRead more
The causes for deforestation in India were as follows:
See less(i) The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton because the demand for these crops increased in Europe due lo increase in population. In addition to this raw materials were required for industrial production.
(ii) They thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could -yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state. So between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area increased by 6.7 million hectares.
(iii) With the shortage of oak forests in England in the early nineteenth century, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber was exported from India to meet the timber supply of Royal Navy.
(iv) The spread of railways too created an additional demand of timber. Wood was
required to run locomotives and sleepers for laying railway lines.
(v) Large areas of natural forests were cleared for tea. coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.
(vi) The expansion of cultivation was seen as a sign of progress but for land to be brought under the plough, forests had to be cleared.
Describe in brief the new developments in forestry since 1980s.
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involvRead more
(i) Since 1980s, the governments in Asia and Africa have realised that scientific
See lessforestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So, conservation of forests has become an important goal. Thus, the governments are following the policy of involving the people who live near the forests.
(ii) In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves Known sarnas, devarakudu. kan, rai, etc. Some villages have been patrolling their own forests.
Why did Samin challenge the Dutch in Java?
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise itRead more
Around 1890, Surnotiko Samin of Randublatungm village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it were Samin’s sons-in-law. By 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch carne to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
See less