During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below: (i) The rural landscape was radically transformed. (ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined. (iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands iRead more
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below:
(i) The rural landscape was radically transformed.
(ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined.
(iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands increasingly restricted by rules and regulations.
(iv) They struggled to meet pressures of government revenue demand.
(v) The rural India began to produce a range of crops for the world market; such as jute, cotton and wheat.
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. (ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains. (iii) The crop is harvested by October - November. (iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the foreRead more
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation.
(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
(iii) The crop is harvested by October – November.
(iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
(v) A mixture of crops is grown back.
(vi) In central India and Africa, it could be millets, in Brazil manioc, and in other parts of Latin America maize and beans..
The Forest Act created hardships for the villagers in the following Ways: (i) Cutting Wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, contacting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal. (ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the meRead more
The Forest Act created hardships for the villagers in the following Ways:
(i) Cutting Wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, contacting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.
(ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
(iii) Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried.
(iv) It was common for police constables and forest to harass people by demanding free food them.
(a) The British were worried by the use of forests by local people and the reckless Felling of trees by traders. so they invited Brandis and made him the first Inspector General Forests. (b) Brandis made the following suggestions : (i) Need for a proper system to manage the forests. (ii) Training foRead more
(a) The British were worried by the use of forests by local people and the reckless Felling of trees by traders. so they invited Brandis and made him the first Inspector General Forests.
(b) Brandis made the following suggestions :
(i) Need for a proper system to manage the forests.
(ii) Training for people in the science of conservation.
(iii) Need for forest laws and rules for use of forest resources.
(iv) Restrictions on felling of trees/grazing so that forests could be preserved for timber prediction.
(c) The following steps were taken for implementation of his suggestions:
(i) Setting up of the Indian Forest Service in 1864.
(ii) Indian Forest Act 1865. It was amended in 1878 and 1927.
(iii) The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906 for teaching ‘scientific forestry’.
Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting method are being carried out in many parts of the country to conserve and store water. For example in Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka, nearly 200 households have installed the system of rainwater harvesting. Gendathur receives an annual pRead more
Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting method are being carried out in many parts of the country to conserve and store water. For example in Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka, nearly 200 households have installed the system of rainwater harvesting. Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainrwater harvested annually comes to1,00,000 litres. Thus, the rainwater harvesting system is being carried out successfully in Gendathur which has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. In addition to Gendathur, tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which had made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters. Thus, modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water. In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes, is prevalent. About 18-20 litres of water entres the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
Briefly describe the effects of expansion of cultivation during the colonial rule in India. Mention any three points.
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below: (i) The rural landscape was radically transformed. (ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined. (iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands iRead more
During the colonial rule the effects of expansion of cultivation were as mentioned below:
See less(i) The rural landscape was radically transformed.
(ii) As the cultivation expanded, the area under forests and pastures declined.
(iii) Peasants and pastoralists found the access to forests and grazing lands increasingly restricted by rules and regulations.
(iv) They struggled to meet pressures of government revenue demand.
(v) The rural India began to produce a range of crops for the world market; such as jute, cotton and wheat.
Explain the procedure of cultivation that is followed in shifting cultivation.
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. (ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains. (iii) The crop is harvested by October - November. (iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the foreRead more
(i) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation.
See less(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
(iii) The crop is harvested by October – November.
(iv) such plots are cultivated for a number of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
(v) A mixture of crops is grown back.
(vi) In central India and Africa, it could be millets, in Brazil manioc, and in other parts of Latin America maize and beans..
How did the Forest Act create hardships for the villagers across the country?
The Forest Act created hardships for the villagers in the following Ways: (i) Cutting Wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, contacting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal. (ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the meRead more
The Forest Act created hardships for the villagers in the following Ways:
See less(i) Cutting Wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, contacting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.
(ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
(iii) Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried.
(iv) It was common for police constables and forest to harass people by demanding free food them.
Why was Dietrich Brandis invited and made the first Inspector General Forests in India? What were his suggestions and how were they implemented?
(a) The British were worried by the use of forests by local people and the reckless Felling of trees by traders. so they invited Brandis and made him the first Inspector General Forests. (b) Brandis made the following suggestions : (i) Need for a proper system to manage the forests. (ii) Training foRead more
(a) The British were worried by the use of forests by local people and the reckless Felling of trees by traders. so they invited Brandis and made him the first Inspector General Forests.
See less(b) Brandis made the following suggestions :
(i) Need for a proper system to manage the forests.
(ii) Training for people in the science of conservation.
(iii) Need for forest laws and rules for use of forest resources.
(iv) Restrictions on felling of trees/grazing so that forests could be preserved for timber prediction.
(c) The following steps were taken for implementation of his suggestions:
(i) Setting up of the Indian Forest Service in 1864.
(ii) Indian Forest Act 1865. It was amended in 1878 and 1927.
(iii) The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906 for teaching ‘scientific forestry’.
Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting method are being carried out in many parts of the country to conserve and store water. For example in Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka, nearly 200 households have installed the system of rainwater harvesting. Gendathur receives an annual pRead more
Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting method are being carried out in many parts of the country to conserve and store water. For example in Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka, nearly 200 households have installed the system of rainwater harvesting. Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainrwater harvested annually comes to1,00,000 litres. Thus, the rainwater harvesting system is being carried out successfully in Gendathur which has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. In addition to Gendathur, tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which had made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters. Thus, modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water. In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes, is prevalent. About 18-20 litres of water entres the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
See less