Sedimentation separates particles from a liquid by allowing gravity to pull heavier particles down to the bottom. The clearer liquid can then be decanted or removed from above the settled particles.
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Simple distillation separates liquids with significantly different boiling points, while fractional distillation separates mixtures with closer boiling points. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to improve separation efficiency.
Chromatography separates mixtures based on the differing rates at which components move through a stationary phase. It’s useful for separating and analyzing complex mixtures, like inks or chemical compounds.
Evaporation separates components by turning the liquid into vapor, leaving behind any dissolved solids. As the liquid evaporates, the solid residues remain, making it useful for purifying solutions.
Magnetic separation uses magnets to attract magnetic materials away from non-magnetic ones. It’s effective for separating metals from mixtures or for removing iron filings from other substances.
Sieving separates components based on size by passing the mixture through a mesh or screen. Smaller particles pass through the openings, while larger particles are retained, making it ideal for granular materials.
Centrifugation separates components based on density using rapid spinning. The centrifugal force pushes denser materials to the bottom, allowing lighter components to remain on top for easy separation.
Decantation relies on gravity to separate components with different densities. By slowly pouring off the top layer, the heavier sediment remains at the bottom, allowing the lighter liquid to be separated.
Filtration works by passing a mixture through a filter medium that allows only certain components to pass through while trapping others. It effectively separates solids from liquids or gases.
Common home separation methods include filtering, sieving, and centrifugation. For instance, using a sieve to separate flour from lumps or a coffee filter to separate coffee grounds from liquid are everyday examples.