i) Swollen neck in people living in the hills: This observation suggests the possibility of goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. In areas where there is insufficient iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland may enlarge in an attempt to produce more thyroid hormones. This compensatory eRead more
i) Swollen neck in people living in the hills:
This observation suggests the possibility of goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. In areas where there is insufficient iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland may enlarge in an attempt to produce more thyroid hormones. This compensatory enlargement is known as endemic goiter. The thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, and iodine is essential for their synthesis. Lack of iodine can lead to hypothyroidism, causing the pituitary gland to release more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), resulting in the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
ii) Over secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) during childhood:
Over secretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to a condition known as gigantism. Gigantism is characterized by excessive growth of the long bones, resulting in an individual becoming abnormally tall. This condition occurs before the closure of the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) in the bones. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and its overproduction can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland known as a somatotropinoma. If the over secretion occurs after the closure of the epiphyseal plates, it leads to a different condition called acromegaly, characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues in adults.
iii) Facial hair develops in boys aged 13:
The development of facial hair in boys at the age of 13 is a secondary sexual characteristic associated with the onset of puberty. During puberty, the testes in boys begin to produce increased levels of testosterone, a male sex hormone. Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, including the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and the development of muscle mass. This process is part of the normal maturation of the endocrine system during adolescence.
The statement "Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay" is accurate because tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is primarily caused by the activity of bacteria in the mouth that feed on sugars from the foods we consume. Here's how it works: Bacterial Activity: The human mouth naturally harbors bacRead more
The statement “Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay” is accurate because tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is primarily caused by the activity of bacteria in the mouth that feed on sugars from the foods we consume. Here’s how it works:
Bacterial Activity: The human mouth naturally harbors bacteria, including a type called Streptococcus mutans. These bacteria thrive on sugars and fermentable carbohydrates present in the food we eat, especially sugary and starchy foods.
Acid Production: When these bacteria feed on sugars, they produce acids as byproducts. These acids lower the pH in the oral environment, leading to increased acidity.
Deminerlization: The acidic environment can cause demineralization of the tooth enamel. Tooth enamel is the protective outer layer of the teeth, and demineralization involves the loss of minerals like calcium and phosphate from the enamel.
Cavity Formation: Over time, if demineralization continues, it can lead to the formation of cavities or caries. Cavities are areas of the tooth where the enamel has been permanently damaged.
Now, regarding the role of toothpaste in preventing cavities:
Abrasive Action: Toothpaste typically contains abrasive particles that aid in removing plaque and food particles from the tooth surfaces. This helps in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing the buildup of harmful bacteria.
Fluoride Content: Many toothpaste formulations include fluoride, a mineral that helps in remineralizing the enamel. Fluoride strengthens the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks. It can also inhibit the growth of bacteria and reduce their ability to produce acid.
Antibacterial Agents: Some toothpaste formulations may include antibacterial agents that help control the growth of bacteria in the mouth.
Flavoring and Detergents: Toothpaste often contains flavoring agents and detergents that make it more pleasant to use and assist in the mechanical removal of plaque during brushing.
Regular and proper brushing with fluoride-containing toothpaste, along with flossing and routine dental check-ups, is essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing tooth decay. Additionally, reducing the consumption of sugary foods and maintaining a balanced diet can contribute to overall oral health.
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily from biological waste. It is a mixture of gases, with methane (CH4) being the main component, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and small amounts of other gases. Steps involved in obtaining biogasRead more
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily from biological waste. It is a mixture of gases, with methane (CH4) being the main component, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and small amounts of other gases.
Steps involved in obtaining biogas:
Feedstock Collection:
Biogas can be produced from various organic materials, including animal manure, crop residues, food waste, sewage, and other organic matter. The organic material used as a feedstock is collected and prepared for the anaerobic digestion process.
Anaerobic Digestion:
Anaerobic digestion is the biological process where microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. The process occurs in a sealed container called a digester. The organic material, along with water, is added to the digester, and anaerobic bacteria decompose the complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, producing biogas as a by-product. The main reactions involved are the conversion of organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide.
Gas Storage and Collection:
The produced biogas, mainly composed of methane, is collected and stored in a gas storage unit. The gas can be used directly as fuel for cooking, heating, or electricity generation.
Gas Purification (Optional):
In some cases, the biogas may undergo a purification process to remove impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide and moisture, which can corrode equipment and affect the combustion properties of the gas.
Utilization:
The purified or raw biogas can be used as a renewable energy source. It can be burned directly in appliances such as stoves, lamps, or boilers for heating. Additionally, biogas can be used to generate electricity or upgraded to biomethane for injection into the natural gas grid or as a vehicle fuel.
Biogas production not only provides a renewable energy source but also helps in the effective management of organic waste, reducing environmental pollution. It is a sustainable way to derive energy from organic materials while promoting waste recycling and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.
Before the Starch Test: Just before the starch test, the green portions (A) of the variegated leaf would appear green, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. After the Starch Test: After conducting the stRead more
Before the Starch Test:
Just before the starch test, the green portions (A) of the variegated leaf would appear green, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.
After the Starch Test:
After conducting the starch test, the green portions (A) would turn blue-black. This color change indicates the presence of starch, which is a product of photosynthesis. The blue-black color is due to the formation of a complex between starch and iodine used in the starch test.
Equation of Photosynthesis:
The overall equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Chlorophyll + sunlight —> C6H12O6 +6O2
This equation represents the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2, obtained from the air) and water (H2O) as splitting of water results in formation of Hydrogen (used for making glucose) and oxygen (by-product) in the presence of light energy.
By-Product and Its Origin:
The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen gas (O2), and it is obtained from the splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from the water molecules, not from carbon dioxide. The oxygen is released as a by-product into the atmosphere. The process of photosynthesis involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
There are two ways of breakdown of glucose as an anaerobic. Where glucose molecule breaking into pyruvate, and further pyruvate into co2 and more. First step is breakdown of glucose molecule into pyruvate which takes place in cytoplasm of a cell. Fermentation, where the anaerobic breakdown in bacterRead more
There are two ways of breakdown of glucose as an anaerobic. Where glucose molecule breaking into pyruvate, and further pyruvate into co2 and more. First step is breakdown of glucose molecule into pyruvate which takes place in cytoplasm of a cell.
Fermentation, where the anaerobic breakdown in bacteria is called fermentation. During fermentation pyruvate is broken down to “Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2). When there is lack of oxygen in our muscle cells pyruvate is broken down to lactic acid. Therefore, the amount of energy is released in the both above cases are very less.
One point of difference between Pepsin and Trypsin is the pH range at which they are active in the digestive system: 1) Pepsin: Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach. It is active in an acidic environment with a pH range of approximately 1.5 to 2.0. The acidic conditions in the stomach aRead more
One point of difference between Pepsin and Trypsin is the pH range at which they are active in the digestive system:
1) Pepsin: Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach. It is active in an acidic environment with a pH range of approximately 1.5 to 2.0. The acidic conditions in the stomach are necessary for the activation of pepsin, which plays a key role in the digestion of proteins.
2) Trypsin: Trypsin is an enzyme that functions in the small intestine. It is active in a less acidic or alkaline environment with a pH range of about 7.5 to 8.5. Trypsin is involved in the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids during the digestive process in the small intestine.
This difference in pH requirements reflects the adaptation of these enzymes to the specific conditions of their respective locations in the digestive system.
To focus a distant object (like a lamp on a faraway electric pole) using a convex lens, the lens needs to be moved away from the screen. This is because a convex lens converges parallel rays of light to a point called the focal point. For distant objects, the incoming light rays can be considered asRead more
To focus a distant object (like a lamp on a faraway electric pole) using a convex lens, the lens needs to be moved away from the screen. This is because a convex lens converges parallel rays of light to a point called the focal point. For distant objects, the incoming light rays can be considered as nearly parallel.
Here’s a step-by-step explanation:
1) Converging Property: A convex lens has the property of converging parallel rays of light. When the lens is closer to the screen, the incoming rays from the distant object will converge too early, and you won’t get a sharp image on the screen.
2) Focal Point Adjustment: By moving the convex lens away from the screen, you are effectively adjusting the focal point of the lens for the distant object. The lens needs to be positioned in such a way that the parallel rays converge exactly at the location of the screen.
3) Sharp Image Formation: The goal is to ensure that the rays from the distant object converge to a sharp image on the screen. This is achieved by adjusting the lens position.
In summary, to focus a distant lamp on a faraway electric pole, move the convex lens towards the screen. As the distance of object increased, the image formed by a convex lens will be more close to the focus.
(i) No, magnified image of an object cannot be formed by a concave lens ever. (ii) An object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as of the object - At 2f. (iii) Image obtained is virtual, erect and diminished in case of concave lens. Like...pls...👍👍👍
(i) No, magnified image of an object cannot be formed by a concave lens ever.
(ii) An object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as of the object – At 2f.
(iii) Image obtained is virtual, erect and diminished in case of concave lens.
A compound A (C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound ‘B’ and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound ‘A’ on treatment with an alcohol ‘C’ in presence of an acid forms a sweet-smelling compound ‘D’ (C4H8O2). On addition of NaOH to ‘D’ gives back B and C. Identify A, B, C and D write the reactions involved.
According to the question, the answer will be as:
According to the question, the answer will be as:
See lessPertaining to endocrine system, what will you interpret if- i) You observe swollen neck in people living in the hills ii) Over secretion of Growth Hormone takes place during childhood iii) Facial hair develops in boys aged 13.
i) Swollen neck in people living in the hills: This observation suggests the possibility of goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. In areas where there is insufficient iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland may enlarge in an attempt to produce more thyroid hormones. This compensatory eRead more
i) Swollen neck in people living in the hills:
This observation suggests the possibility of goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. In areas where there is insufficient iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland may enlarge in an attempt to produce more thyroid hormones. This compensatory enlargement is known as endemic goiter. The thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, and iodine is essential for their synthesis. Lack of iodine can lead to hypothyroidism, causing the pituitary gland to release more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), resulting in the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
ii) Over secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) during childhood:
Over secretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to a condition known as gigantism. Gigantism is characterized by excessive growth of the long bones, resulting in an individual becoming abnormally tall. This condition occurs before the closure of the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) in the bones. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and its overproduction can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland known as a somatotropinoma. If the over secretion occurs after the closure of the epiphyseal plates, it leads to a different condition called acromegaly, characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues in adults.
iii) Facial hair develops in boys aged 13:
The development of facial hair in boys at the age of 13 is a secondary sexual characteristic associated with the onset of puberty. During puberty, the testes in boys begin to produce increased levels of testosterone, a male sex hormone. Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, including the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and the development of muscle mass. This process is part of the normal maturation of the endocrine system during adolescence.
I hope you like..it…👍👍👍
See less‘Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay’. Explain why? What is the role of tooth paste in preventing cavities?
The statement "Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay" is accurate because tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is primarily caused by the activity of bacteria in the mouth that feed on sugars from the foods we consume. Here's how it works: Bacterial Activity: The human mouth naturally harbors bacRead more
The statement “Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay” is accurate because tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is primarily caused by the activity of bacteria in the mouth that feed on sugars from the foods we consume. Here’s how it works:
Bacterial Activity: The human mouth naturally harbors bacteria, including a type called Streptococcus mutans. These bacteria thrive on sugars and fermentable carbohydrates present in the food we eat, especially sugary and starchy foods.
Acid Production: When these bacteria feed on sugars, they produce acids as byproducts. These acids lower the pH in the oral environment, leading to increased acidity.
Deminerlization: The acidic environment can cause demineralization of the tooth enamel. Tooth enamel is the protective outer layer of the teeth, and demineralization involves the loss of minerals like calcium and phosphate from the enamel.
Cavity Formation: Over time, if demineralization continues, it can lead to the formation of cavities or caries. Cavities are areas of the tooth where the enamel has been permanently damaged.
Now, regarding the role of toothpaste in preventing cavities:
Abrasive Action: Toothpaste typically contains abrasive particles that aid in removing plaque and food particles from the tooth surfaces. This helps in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing the buildup of harmful bacteria.
Fluoride Content: Many toothpaste formulations include fluoride, a mineral that helps in remineralizing the enamel. Fluoride strengthens the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks. It can also inhibit the growth of bacteria and reduce their ability to produce acid.
Antibacterial Agents: Some toothpaste formulations may include antibacterial agents that help control the growth of bacteria in the mouth.
Flavoring and Detergents: Toothpaste often contains flavoring agents and detergents that make it more pleasant to use and assist in the mechanical removal of plaque during brushing.
Regular and proper brushing with fluoride-containing toothpaste, along with flossing and routine dental check-ups, is essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing tooth decay. Additionally, reducing the consumption of sugary foods and maintaining a balanced diet can contribute to overall oral health.
See lessWhat is biogas? Describe the steps involved in obtaining biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily from biological waste. It is a mixture of gases, with methane (CH4) being the main component, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and small amounts of other gases. Steps involved in obtaining biogasRead more
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily from biological waste. It is a mixture of gases, with methane (CH4) being the main component, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and small amounts of other gases.
Steps involved in obtaining biogas:
Feedstock Collection:
Biogas can be produced from various organic materials, including animal manure, crop residues, food waste, sewage, and other organic matter. The organic material used as a feedstock is collected and prepared for the anaerobic digestion process.
Anaerobic Digestion:
Anaerobic digestion is the biological process where microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. The process occurs in a sealed container called a digester. The organic material, along with water, is added to the digester, and anaerobic bacteria decompose the complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, producing biogas as a by-product. The main reactions involved are the conversion of organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide.
Organic Matter → Methane (CH4) + Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Other Gases
Gas Storage and Collection:
The produced biogas, mainly composed of methane, is collected and stored in a gas storage unit. The gas can be used directly as fuel for cooking, heating, or electricity generation.
Gas Purification (Optional):
In some cases, the biogas may undergo a purification process to remove impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide and moisture, which can corrode equipment and affect the combustion properties of the gas.
Utilization:
The purified or raw biogas can be used as a renewable energy source. It can be burned directly in appliances such as stoves, lamps, or boilers for heating. Additionally, biogas can be used to generate electricity or upgraded to biomethane for injection into the natural gas grid or as a vehicle fuel.
Biogas production not only provides a renewable energy source but also helps in the effective management of organic waste, reducing environmental pollution. It is a sustainable way to derive energy from organic materials while promoting waste recycling and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.
See lessA variegated leaf with green and yellow patches in used for an experiment to prove that chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis. Before the experiment the green portions (A), and the pale-yellow portions (B), are observed. Now, answer that – what will be the colour of ‘A’ just before and after the starch test? Write also the equation of the process of photosynthesis and mark, as well as validate from which molecule the by-product is obtained.
Before the Starch Test: Just before the starch test, the green portions (A) of the variegated leaf would appear green, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. After the Starch Test: After conducting the stRead more
Before the Starch Test:
Just before the starch test, the green portions (A) of the variegated leaf would appear green, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.
After the Starch Test:
After conducting the starch test, the green portions (A) would turn blue-black. This color change indicates the presence of starch, which is a product of photosynthesis. The blue-black color is due to the formation of a complex between starch and iodine used in the starch test.
Equation of Photosynthesis:
The overall equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Chlorophyll + sunlight —> C6H12O6 +6O2
This equation represents the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2, obtained from the air) and water (H2O) as splitting of water results in formation of Hydrogen (used for making glucose) and oxygen (by-product) in the presence of light energy.
By-Product and Its Origin:
The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen gas (O2), and it is obtained from the splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from the water molecules, not from carbon dioxide. The oxygen is released as a by-product into the atmosphere. The process of photosynthesis involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
See lessWhat happens when aqueous solutions of Sodium sulphate and Barium chloride are mixed? Give a balanced equation for the reaction with state symbols. Name and define the type of chemical reaction involved in the above change.
A white precipitate is formed. It is a reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactants.
A white precipitate is formed.
See lessIt is a reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactants.
Explain the ways in which glucose is broken down in absence of oxygen.
There are two ways of breakdown of glucose as an anaerobic. Where glucose molecule breaking into pyruvate, and further pyruvate into co2 and more. First step is breakdown of glucose molecule into pyruvate which takes place in cytoplasm of a cell. Fermentation, where the anaerobic breakdown in bacterRead more
There are two ways of breakdown of glucose as an anaerobic. Where glucose molecule breaking into pyruvate, and further pyruvate into co2 and more. First step is breakdown of glucose molecule into pyruvate which takes place in cytoplasm of a cell.
Fermentation, where the anaerobic breakdown in bacteria is called fermentation. During fermentation pyruvate is broken down to “Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2). When there is lack of oxygen in our muscle cells pyruvate is broken down to lactic acid. Therefore, the amount of energy is released in the both above cases are very less.
See lessMention any one point of difference between Pepsin and Trypsin.
One point of difference between Pepsin and Trypsin is the pH range at which they are active in the digestive system: 1) Pepsin: Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach. It is active in an acidic environment with a pH range of approximately 1.5 to 2.0. The acidic conditions in the stomach aRead more
One point of difference between Pepsin and Trypsin is the pH range at which they are active in the digestive system:
1) Pepsin: Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach. It is active in an acidic environment with a pH range of approximately 1.5 to 2.0. The acidic conditions in the stomach are necessary for the activation of pepsin, which plays a key role in the digestion of proteins.
2) Trypsin: Trypsin is an enzyme that functions in the small intestine. It is active in a less acidic or alkaline environment with a pH range of about 7.5 to 8.5. Trypsin is involved in the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids during the digestive process in the small intestine.
This difference in pH requirements reflects the adaptation of these enzymes to the specific conditions of their respective locations in the digestive system.
Hope you like it…….👍👍👍
See lessA student obtained a sharp image of a lighted candle on a screen using a convex lens. Now he wants to focus a distant lamp on a far away electric pole. In which direction should the lens be moved for this purpose with respect to the screen, to get a sharp image on the screen? Justify your answer.
To focus a distant object (like a lamp on a faraway electric pole) using a convex lens, the lens needs to be moved away from the screen. This is because a convex lens converges parallel rays of light to a point called the focal point. For distant objects, the incoming light rays can be considered asRead more
To focus a distant object (like a lamp on a faraway electric pole) using a convex lens, the lens needs to be moved away from the screen. This is because a convex lens converges parallel rays of light to a point called the focal point. For distant objects, the incoming light rays can be considered as nearly parallel.
Here’s a step-by-step explanation:
1) Converging Property: A convex lens has the property of converging parallel rays of light. When the lens is closer to the screen, the incoming rays from the distant object will converge too early, and you won’t get a sharp image on the screen.
2) Focal Point Adjustment: By moving the convex lens away from the screen, you are effectively adjusting the focal point of the lens for the distant object. The lens needs to be positioned in such a way that the parallel rays converge exactly at the location of the screen.
3) Sharp Image Formation: The goal is to ensure that the rays from the distant object converge to a sharp image on the screen. This is achieved by adjusting the lens position.
In summary, to focus a distant lamp on a faraway electric pole, move the convex lens towards the screen. As the distance of object increased, the image formed by a convex lens will be more close to the focus.
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See less(i) Rohit claims to have obtained an image twice the size of object with a concave lens. Is he correct? Give reason for your answer. (ii) Where should an object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as of the object? Show with the help of ray diagram the position and the nature of the image formed. (iii) With the help of ray diagram, illustrate the change in position, nature and size of the image formed if the convex lens in case of (ii) is replaced by concave lens of same focal length.
(i) No, magnified image of an object cannot be formed by a concave lens ever. (ii) An object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as of the object - At 2f. (iii) Image obtained is virtual, erect and diminished in case of concave lens. Like...pls...👍👍👍
(i) No, magnified image of an object cannot be formed by a concave lens ever.
(ii) An object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as of the object – At 2f.
(iii) Image obtained is virtual, erect and diminished in case of concave lens.
Like…pls…👍👍👍
See less