The hardness of water is determined by titration with Na₂EDTA. Calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions form stable complexes with EDTA, allowing for their selective estimation based on the difference in the stability constants of their complexes.

Coordination compounds are essential in qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Metal ions react with ligands, forming coordination entities, which serve as the basis for detection and estimation. Reagents like EDTA, DMG, a–nitroso–b–naphthol, and cupron are commonly used.

The M–C s bond results from the donation of lone pair electrons on the carbonyl carbon into a vacant orbital of the metal, while the M–C p bond arises from the donation of a pair of electrons from a filled ...

Decacarbonyldimanganese(0) consists of two square pyramidal Mn(CO)₅ units joined by a Mn–Mn bond, showcasing a distinctive manganese-manganese interaction.

Tetracarbonylnickel(0) exhibits a tetrahedral structure, pentacarbonyliron(0) is trigonal bipyramidal, and hexacarbonyl chromium(0) adopts an octahedral coordination geometry.