The continuous layer of epidermal cells without intercellular spaces ensures a seamless barrier against external threats such as water loss, mechanical injury, and parasitic invasion, enhancing the protective function of the epidermis.

The waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells helps reduce water loss from the plant surface by acting as a barrier against evaporation. Additionally, it provides protection against mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.

In plants adapted to dry environments, the epidermis may have a thicker layer of cells to provide additional protection against water loss, while in plants in more moderate conditions, the epidermis typically consists of a single layer of cells.

The epidermis serves as the outermost protective layer of a plant, shielding it from water loss, mechanical injury, and invasion by parasites. In plants living in dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker to provide enhanced protection against water loss.

Sclerenchyma tissue is present in various plant structures, such as stems around vascular bundles, veins of leaves, and the hard covering of seeds and nuts. It provides structural support and strength to these plant parts, contributing to their rigidity and ...