Heterotrophic organisms obtain energy and materials by consuming other organisms or organic matter, breaking down complex substances into simpler ones that can be used for maintenance, growth, and reproduction.

Energy is necessary to maintain vital functions such as circulation, respiration, and cellular repair, even when we are not actively engaged in physical activity.

Excretion ensures that harmful waste materials are efficiently removed from the body, helping to maintain homeostasis and prevent the accumulation of toxins that could disrupt cellular function and overall health.

Examples include carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration, nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism, and other metabolic by-products that can accumulate and harm cells if not removed.

The transportation system in multi-cellular organisms facilitates the movement of waste from individual cells to the specialized excretory tissues for disposal.

They develop specialized tissues for excretion, which are responsible for collecting and disposing of waste materials generated within the organism.

Excretion is necessary to remove waste by-products created during chemical reactions involving carbon sources and oxygen, which are often harmful or useless to the body’s cells.

Organisms vary in complexity and metabolic requirements, leading to different nutritional strategies. Depending on their biochemical composition and energy needs, organisms may utilize various types of carbon-based food sources and employ different mechanisms for obtaining and processing nutrients.

Energy for maintenance processes is obtained from external sources through the process of nutrition, where organisms consume food to extract energy-rich molecules that can be used for cellular activities.

Examples of autotrophs include green plants, algae, and certain bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to produce their own food.