Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature and is soluble in water in all proportions, making it a versatile solvent.

Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol. It is used as the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks and serves as a solvent in various products such as medicines (e.g., cough syrups, tincture iodine) and tonics.

The substitution of chlorine for hydrogen atoms in higher homologues of alkanes typically results in a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons, varying in the number of chlorine atoms substituted onto the carbon chain.

Saturated hydrocarbons are unreactive due to the stability of their carbon-carbon single bonds. However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine undergoes rapid substitution reactions with hydrocarbons, breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds and forming new carbon-chlorine bonds.

Combustion of fuels such as coal and petroleum leads to the formation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are major pollutants in the environment. These pollutants contribute to air pollution, acid rain, and various respiratory issues in ...

Gas or kerosene stoves require proper air inlets to ensure a sufficiently oxygen-rich mixture for complete combustion. This produces a clean blue flame and prevents the formation of soot, thereby optimizing fuel efficiency and reducing environmental pollution.

Limiting the air supply reduces the amount of oxygen available for combustion, leading to incomplete oxidation of the fuel. This results in the formation of sooty flames due to the incomplete burning of carbon.

Unsaturated carbon compounds contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, leading to incomplete combustion. This incomplete combustion generates carbon particles, producing a yellow flame and black smoke.

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in complete combustion with oxygen, yielding carbon dioxide and water vapor. This clean combustion produces a blue flame.

Gradation in physical properties such as melting and boiling points occurs in a homologous series due to the increasing molecular size and mass. However, the presence of the same functional group ensures that chemical properties remain consistent across the series, ...