Heteroatoms play a crucial role in functional groups by introducing chemical diversity and reactivity into organic molecules. These atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens, replace hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon chains, altering the chemical properties of the compound. Heteroatoms contribute unique electronic configurations, enabling the formation of specific chemical bonds and interactions. For instance, oxygen in the hydroxyl (-OH) group of alcohols facilitates hydrogen bonding, influencing solubility and reactivity. Nitrogen in amino (-NH2) groups imparts basicity and enables protonation reactions. Overall, heteroatoms enhance the versatility and functionality of organic molecules, expanding the scope of organic chemistry.