It is important to understand the conditions under which work is done in science to accurately determine when energy is being transferred through the application of force and displacement. This understanding helps clarify whether or not work is being performed ...
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In the example of a bullock pulling a cart, work is done because there is a force exerted by the bullock on the cart, and the cart is displaced (it moves).
If one of the conditions for work is not met, then work is not done. Both a force acting on an object and displacement of the object are necessary for work to be done.
The two conditions that need to be satisfied for work to be done are: (i) a force should act on an object, and (ii) the object must be displaced.
To lift a book through a height, you must apply a force. The book rises up as a result of the force applied.