Excessive hormone secretion of the pituitary gland can result in [A] Excessive growth in height. This condition, known as gigantism if it occurs during childhood or acromegaly if it manifests in adulthood, is primarily caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). In gigantism, the long bones conRead more
Excessive hormone secretion of the pituitary gland can result in [A] Excessive growth in height. This condition, known as gigantism if it occurs during childhood or acromegaly if it manifests in adulthood, is primarily caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). In gigantism, the long bones continue to grow, leading to abnormally tall stature.
In acromegaly, where bone growth plates have closed, excessive GH primarily causes enlargement of soft tissues and bones in the face, hands, and feet, along with other systemic effects such as organ enlargement.
Unbalanced development or crookedness of the body (options b and c) typically isn’t a direct result of pituitary gland hypersecretion, although certain hormonal imbalances can contribute to skeletal abnormalities.
Therefore, the correct answer is [A] Excessive growth in height, reflecting the primary consequence of pituitary gland hypersecretion of growth hormone.
The gland that secretes Oxytocin hormone is [A] Pituitary. Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Upon stimulation, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. It plays vital roles in reproductive functions and social bonding. DuringRead more
The gland that secretes Oxytocin hormone is [A] Pituitary. Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Upon stimulation, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. It plays vital roles in reproductive functions and social bonding. During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, aiding in labor and delivery. Additionally, it facilitates milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding by causing contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary gland alveoli.
Oxytocin also influences social behaviors and emotional bonding, playing a role in maternal-infant attachment, romantic attachment, and trust. While the pineal gland primarily secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles, the adrenal gland secretes hormones like cortisol and adrenaline in response to stress. The ovary secretes hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, crucial for reproductive functions and menstrual cycle regulation.
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in the [D] Pituitary gland. Specifically, it is synthesized and released by somatotroph cells located in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, which is situated at the base of the brain. GH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus through the release of growtRead more
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in the [D] Pituitary gland. Specifically, it is synthesized and released by somatotroph cells located in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, which is situated at the base of the brain. GH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus through the release of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin, which stimulate and inhibit GH production, respectively.
Once released, GH enters the bloodstream and exerts its effects on various tissues throughout the body. Its primary role is to stimulate growth, particularly during childhood and adolescence, by promoting the growth of bones and tissues. Additionally, GH influences metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell growth and repair in adults. Dysfunction in GH secretion or signaling can lead to growth disorders such as dwarfism or gigantism, highlighting the importance of proper regulation of GH secretion from the pituitary gland.
The endocrine hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine is [A] TSH, or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus. When thyroid hormone levels in the blood decrease, the hypothalamus releases thyrotroRead more
The endocrine hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine is [A] TSH, or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus. When thyroid hormone levels in the blood decrease, the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which prompts the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH.
TSH then binds to receptors on cells in the thyroid gland, stimulating the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), collectively known as thyroid hormones.
Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development throughout the body.
In contrast, the other hormones listed—FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LTH (Lactogenic Hormone, also known as Prolactin), and ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)—have different functions. FSH regulates reproductive processes, LTH stimulates milk production in the mammary glands, and ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. Thus, TSH specifically targets the thyroid gland to regulate thyroxine secretion.
1. The iron bar will erode till the level set apart by the line first. 2. Iron gets oxidized on openness to air and dampness. The layer of rust framed on a superficial level permits air and dampness to go through and arrive at the metal, making erosion proceed. 3. Aluminum gets oxidized on opennessRead more
1. The iron bar will erode till the level set apart by the line first.
2. Iron gets oxidized on openness to air and dampness. The layer of rust framed on a superficial level permits air and dampness to go through and arrive at the metal, making erosion proceed.
3. Aluminum gets oxidized on openness to air. The layer of oxide framed on a superficial level structures a defensive covering that keeps air from arriving at the metal and consequently forestalls further erosion.
(A)The magnetic field at P and Q is the same. Because the magnetic field lines inside the helical coil of wire which behaves like a solenoid is uniform/in the form of parallel straight lines. (B) Increasing/decreasing the number of turn in the coil - increasing/decreasing the current through the coiRead more
(A)The magnetic field at P and Q is the same. Because the magnetic field lines inside the helical coil of wire which behaves like a solenoid is uniform/in the form of parallel straight lines.
(B) Increasing/decreasing the number of turn in the coil – increasing/decreasing the current through the coil.
One example of a hormone that is secreted by one organ and can have effects on multiple organs is insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its primary role is to regulate glucose metabolism. Here's how insulin can have effects on three different organs: the liver, muscles, and adiRead more
One example of a hormone that is secreted by one organ and can have effects on multiple organs is insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its primary role is to regulate glucose metabolism. Here’s how insulin can have effects on three different organs: the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue.
1. Liver:
Effect: Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol.
Explanation: When blood glucose levels are elevated, insulin is released to signal the liver to stop producing glucose. By inhibiting gluconeogenesis, insulin helps prevent the release of additional glucose into the bloodstream, contributing to the reduction of blood glucose levels.
2. Muscles:
Effect: Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by muscle cells.
Explanation: Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by muscle cells, allowing them to use glucose for energy. This is important during periods of increased physical activity when muscles require additional energy. Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose into muscle cells, contributing to energy production.
3. Adipose Tissue (Fat Cells):
Effect: Insulin promotes the storage of excess glucose as fat.
Explanation: When there is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream (for example, after a meal), insulin promotes the storage of this excess glucose in adipose tissue as triglycerides. This helps regulate blood glucose levels and also contributes to the long-term storage of energy in the form of fat.
In summary, insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, has different effects on multiple organs in the body. It regulates glucose metabolism by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver, promoting glucose uptake by muscle cells, and facilitating the storage of excess glucose as fat in adipose tissue. This coordinated action helps maintain glucose homeostasis and provides the body with energy as needed.
Proteinuria, the presence of significant amounts of protein in the urine, typically indicates a malfunction in the selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The glomRead more
Proteinuria, the presence of significant amounts of protein in the urine, typically indicates a malfunction in the selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The glomerulus, a specialized structure within the nephron, plays a crucial role in the initial filtration of blood.
The process likely to be affected in proteinuria is the glomerular filtration. The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of three main layers:
1. Endothelial Cells: These cells line the glomerular capillaries and have small pores that allow water and small solutes to pass through.
2. Basement Membrane: A thin layer of extracellular matrix that acts as a physical barrier. It prevents the passage of larger molecules like proteins.
3. Epithelial Cells (Podocytes): These cells have foot-like extensions called podocyes that wrap around the capillaries. The podocytes have specialized filtration slits between them that allow small molecules to pass while restricting the passage of larger proteins.
In a healthy kidney, this glomerular filtration barrier prevents significant amounts of proteins from entering the urine. However, if there is damage or dysfunction in any of these layers, it can lead to increased permeability, allowing proteins to leak into the filtrate and eventually into the urine, resulting in proteinuria.
Several conditions can cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, including:
1. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli, which can damage the filtration barrier.
2. Diabetic Nephropathy: Long-term diabetes can lead to damage of the glomerular filtration barrier.
3. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Prolonged high blood pressure can contribute to glomerular damage and proteinuria.
4. Infections: Certain infections affecting the kidneys can lead to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli.
5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus can affect the kidneys and cause proteinuria.
When proteinuria is detected, it is important to identify and address the underlying cause to prevent further kidney damage. Monitoring and managing conditions that can lead to glomerular dysfunction are crucial for maintaining kidney health.
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The bending of the shoot tip of a plant towards a light source is a phenomenon known as phototropism. Phototropism is the directional growth response of a plant in response to the direction of light. The bending occurs due to differential growth rates on the shaded and illuminated sides of the shootRead more
The bending of the shoot tip of a plant towards a light source is a phenomenon known as phototropism. Phototropism is the directional growth response of a plant in response to the direction of light. The bending occurs due to differential growth rates on the shaded and illuminated sides of the shoot tip.
Auxin Redistribution: Auxins are plant hormones that play a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth. When light strikes the shoot tip from one side, auxin redistributes to the shaded side of the shoot. This redistribution is a key factor in causing phototropism.
Cell Elongation: Auxin promotes cell elongation. As auxin accumulates on the shaded side of the shoot tip, it stimulates the cells on that side to elongate more rapidly than the cells on the illuminated side. This differential growth causes the shoot tip to bend towards the light source.
Cell Division: Auxin also influences cell division. While auxin promotes elongation in the shaded side, it inhibits cell division on that side. On the illuminated side, cell division is not inhibited. This difference in cell division further contributes to the bending of the shoot tip towards the light.
Gradient of Auxin: The asymmetrical distribution of auxin creates a concentration gradient across the shoot tip. This concentration gradient acts as a signal for directional growth, with higher concentrations of auxin on the shaded side guiding the bending of the shoot.
Receptor Sensitivity: The plant possesses light receptors, such as phototropins, that detect the direction of the light source. These receptors contribute to the polar transport of auxin towards the shaded side, further enhancing the asymmetrical auxin distribution and the subsequent bending response.
In summary, phototropism in plants is a complex process involving the redistribution of auxin, differential cell elongation and division, and the perception of light direction by specialized receptors. These responses collectively allow the plant to adjust its growth direction in response to the availability and direction of light, optimizing its exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis.
What effect does excessive hormone secretion of the pituitary gland have on the body?
Excessive hormone secretion of the pituitary gland can result in [A] Excessive growth in height. This condition, known as gigantism if it occurs during childhood or acromegaly if it manifests in adulthood, is primarily caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). In gigantism, the long bones conRead more
Excessive hormone secretion of the pituitary gland can result in [A] Excessive growth in height. This condition, known as gigantism if it occurs during childhood or acromegaly if it manifests in adulthood, is primarily caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). In gigantism, the long bones continue to grow, leading to abnormally tall stature.
In acromegaly, where bone growth plates have closed, excessive GH primarily causes enlargement of soft tissues and bones in the face, hands, and feet, along with other systemic effects such as organ enlargement.
Unbalanced development or crookedness of the body (options b and c) typically isn’t a direct result of pituitary gland hypersecretion, although certain hormonal imbalances can contribute to skeletal abnormalities.
Therefore, the correct answer is [A] Excessive growth in height, reflecting the primary consequence of pituitary gland hypersecretion of growth hormone.
See lessThe gland that secretes Oxytocin hormone is
The gland that secretes Oxytocin hormone is [A] Pituitary. Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Upon stimulation, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. It plays vital roles in reproductive functions and social bonding. DuringRead more
The gland that secretes Oxytocin hormone is [A] Pituitary. Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Upon stimulation, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. It plays vital roles in reproductive functions and social bonding. During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, aiding in labor and delivery. Additionally, it facilitates milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding by causing contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary gland alveoli.
Oxytocin also influences social behaviors and emotional bonding, playing a role in maternal-infant attachment, romantic attachment, and trust. While the pineal gland primarily secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles, the adrenal gland secretes hormones like cortisol and adrenaline in response to stress. The ovary secretes hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, crucial for reproductive functions and menstrual cycle regulation.
See lessWhere is growth hormone secreted?
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in the [D] Pituitary gland. Specifically, it is synthesized and released by somatotroph cells located in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, which is situated at the base of the brain. GH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus through the release of growtRead more
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in the [D] Pituitary gland. Specifically, it is synthesized and released by somatotroph cells located in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, which is situated at the base of the brain. GH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus through the release of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin, which stimulate and inhibit GH production, respectively.
Once released, GH enters the bloodstream and exerts its effects on various tissues throughout the body. Its primary role is to stimulate growth, particularly during childhood and adolescence, by promoting the growth of bones and tissues. Additionally, GH influences metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell growth and repair in adults. Dysfunction in GH secretion or signaling can lead to growth disorders such as dwarfism or gigantism, highlighting the importance of proper regulation of GH secretion from the pituitary gland.
See lessWhich endocrine hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine?
The endocrine hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine is [A] TSH, or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus. When thyroid hormone levels in the blood decrease, the hypothalamus releases thyrotroRead more
The endocrine hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine is [A] TSH, or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus. When thyroid hormone levels in the blood decrease, the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which prompts the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH.
See lessTSH then binds to receptors on cells in the thyroid gland, stimulating the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), collectively known as thyroid hormones.
Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development throughout the body.
In contrast, the other hormones listed—FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LTH (Lactogenic Hormone, also known as Prolactin), and ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)—have different functions. FSH regulates reproductive processes, LTH stimulates milk production in the mammary glands, and ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. Thus, TSH specifically targets the thyroid gland to regulate thyroxine secretion.
Equal sized bars of aluminium and iron are exposed to the environment as shown below. Which of them is likely to corrode till the level marked by the line FIRST? Justify your answer.
1. The iron bar will erode till the level set apart by the line first. 2. Iron gets oxidized on openness to air and dampness. The layer of rust framed on a superficial level permits air and dampness to go through and arrive at the metal, making erosion proceed. 3. Aluminum gets oxidized on opennessRead more
1. The iron bar will erode till the level set apart by the line first.
See less2. Iron gets oxidized on openness to air and dampness. The layer of rust framed on a superficial level permits air and dampness to go through and arrive at the metal, making erosion proceed.
3. Aluminum gets oxidized on openness to air. The layer of oxide framed on a superficial level structures a defensive covering that keeps air from arriving at the metal and consequently forestalls further erosion.
A helical coil whose length is greater than its diameter is connected to a battery as shown below. (a) How does the magnetic field at point P compare with the magnetic field at point Q? Justify your answer. (b) State one way in which the strength of the magnetic field inside a current carrying helical coil can be changed?
(A)The magnetic field at P and Q is the same. Because the magnetic field lines inside the helical coil of wire which behaves like a solenoid is uniform/in the form of parallel straight lines. (B) Increasing/decreasing the number of turn in the coil - increasing/decreasing the current through the coiRead more
(A)The magnetic field at P and Q is the same. Because the magnetic field lines inside the helical coil of wire which behaves like a solenoid is uniform/in the form of parallel straight lines.
(B) Increasing/decreasing the number of turn in the coil – increasing/decreasing the current through the coil.
See lessIn animals, hormones can be secreted by one organ and can act on multiple organs. Justify this statement by explaining the effect of a single animal hormone on three organs.
One example of a hormone that is secreted by one organ and can have effects on multiple organs is insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its primary role is to regulate glucose metabolism. Here's how insulin can have effects on three different organs: the liver, muscles, and adiRead more
One example of a hormone that is secreted by one organ and can have effects on multiple organs is insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its primary role is to regulate glucose metabolism. Here’s how insulin can have effects on three different organs: the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue.
1. Liver:
Effect: Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol.
Explanation: When blood glucose levels are elevated, insulin is released to signal the liver to stop producing glucose. By inhibiting gluconeogenesis, insulin helps prevent the release of additional glucose into the bloodstream, contributing to the reduction of blood glucose levels.
2. Muscles:
Effect: Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by muscle cells.
Explanation: Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by muscle cells, allowing them to use glucose for energy. This is important during periods of increased physical activity when muscles require additional energy. Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose into muscle cells, contributing to energy production.
3. Adipose Tissue (Fat Cells):
Effect: Insulin promotes the storage of excess glucose as fat.
Explanation: When there is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream (for example, after a meal), insulin promotes the storage of this excess glucose in adipose tissue as triglycerides. This helps regulate blood glucose levels and also contributes to the long-term storage of energy in the form of fat.
In summary, insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, has different effects on multiple organs in the body. It regulates glucose metabolism by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver, promoting glucose uptake by muscle cells, and facilitating the storage of excess glucose as fat in adipose tissue. This coordinated action helps maintain glucose homeostasis and provides the body with energy as needed.
See lessProteinuria is a condition in which significant amounts of protein can be detected in urine. Which process in the nephron is likely to be affected causing proteinuria? Justify.
Proteinuria, the presence of significant amounts of protein in the urine, typically indicates a malfunction in the selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The glomRead more
Proteinuria, the presence of significant amounts of protein in the urine, typically indicates a malfunction in the selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The glomerulus, a specialized structure within the nephron, plays a crucial role in the initial filtration of blood.
The process likely to be affected in proteinuria is the glomerular filtration. The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of three main layers:
1. Endothelial Cells: These cells line the glomerular capillaries and have small pores that allow water and small solutes to pass through.
2. Basement Membrane: A thin layer of extracellular matrix that acts as a physical barrier. It prevents the passage of larger molecules like proteins.
3. Epithelial Cells (Podocytes): These cells have foot-like extensions called podocyes that wrap around the capillaries. The podocytes have specialized filtration slits between them that allow small molecules to pass while restricting the passage of larger proteins.
In a healthy kidney, this glomerular filtration barrier prevents significant amounts of proteins from entering the urine. However, if there is damage or dysfunction in any of these layers, it can lead to increased permeability, allowing proteins to leak into the filtrate and eventually into the urine, resulting in proteinuria.
Several conditions can cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, including:
1. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli, which can damage the filtration barrier.
2. Diabetic Nephropathy: Long-term diabetes can lead to damage of the glomerular filtration barrier.
3. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Prolonged high blood pressure can contribute to glomerular damage and proteinuria.
4. Infections: Certain infections affecting the kidneys can lead to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli.
5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus can affect the kidneys and cause proteinuria.
When proteinuria is detected, it is important to identify and address the underlying cause to prevent further kidney damage. Monitoring and managing conditions that can lead to glomerular dysfunction are crucial for maintaining kidney health.
See lessHope you like it…..👍
Explain the processes of aerobic respiration in mitochondria of a cell and anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscle with the help of word equations.
The processes of aerobic respiration in mitochondria of a cell and anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscles are quite different. Diagram:
The processes of aerobic respiration in mitochondria of a cell and anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscles are quite different. Diagram:
See lessExplain giving reasons the bending of the shoot tip of a plant towards light source coming from one side of the plant.
The bending of the shoot tip of a plant towards a light source is a phenomenon known as phototropism. Phototropism is the directional growth response of a plant in response to the direction of light. The bending occurs due to differential growth rates on the shaded and illuminated sides of the shootRead more
The bending of the shoot tip of a plant towards a light source is a phenomenon known as phototropism. Phototropism is the directional growth response of a plant in response to the direction of light. The bending occurs due to differential growth rates on the shaded and illuminated sides of the shoot tip.
Auxin Redistribution: Auxins are plant hormones that play a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth. When light strikes the shoot tip from one side, auxin redistributes to the shaded side of the shoot. This redistribution is a key factor in causing phototropism.
Cell Elongation: Auxin promotes cell elongation. As auxin accumulates on the shaded side of the shoot tip, it stimulates the cells on that side to elongate more rapidly than the cells on the illuminated side. This differential growth causes the shoot tip to bend towards the light source.
Cell Division: Auxin also influences cell division. While auxin promotes elongation in the shaded side, it inhibits cell division on that side. On the illuminated side, cell division is not inhibited. This difference in cell division further contributes to the bending of the shoot tip towards the light.
Gradient of Auxin: The asymmetrical distribution of auxin creates a concentration gradient across the shoot tip. This concentration gradient acts as a signal for directional growth, with higher concentrations of auxin on the shaded side guiding the bending of the shoot.
Receptor Sensitivity: The plant possesses light receptors, such as phototropins, that detect the direction of the light source. These receptors contribute to the polar transport of auxin towards the shaded side, further enhancing the asymmetrical auxin distribution and the subsequent bending response.
In summary, phototropism in plants is a complex process involving the redistribution of auxin, differential cell elongation and division, and the perception of light direction by specialized receptors. These responses collectively allow the plant to adjust its growth direction in response to the availability and direction of light, optimizing its exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis.
See less