(a) Mahatma Gandhi's dream was to clothe the whole nation in khadi. He felt khadi would be a means of erasing difference between religions and classes. But in practice, it was not possible for many people to follow his footsteps. It was difficult to achieve such a unity as desired by Mahalma Gandhi.Read more
(a) Mahatma Gandhi’s dream was to clothe the whole nation in khadi. He felt khadi would be a means of erasing difference between religions and classes. But in practice, it was not possible for many people to follow his footsteps. It was difficult to achieve such a unity as desired by Mahalma Gandhi. Not many could take to the single peasant loincloth as is clear from their responses mentioned below:
(i) Nationalists such as Motilal Nehru, gave up his expensive Western-style suits and adopted the Indian dhoti and kurta. But these were not made of coarse cloth.
(ii) Babasaheb Ambedkar never gave up the Western-style suit. Many dalits began in the early 1910s to wear three-piece suits, and shoes and socks on all public occasion, as a political statement of sell-respect.
(iii). A woman from Maharashtra wrote to Mahatma Gandhi that in response to call, she had adopted wearing khadi but for poor people like her it was costly.
(iv) Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru, wore coloured saris with designs, instead of
coarse. white homespun.
(b) The reasons, therefore, for not using Khadi by all can be summed up as given below:
(i) Expensive than mill-made cloth.
(ii) Difficult to obtain in remote places.
(iii) Attraction of Western-style clothing to groups of dalit converts of Christianity.
(iv) Strict social codes dress.
(v) The areas where national activities were negligible.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi made various experiment with clothing He wore a shirt with a dhoti or payjma ( Gujarati boys), Western suit (law student in London). Lungi and kurta (in Johannesburg) Kathiawadi peasant (in 1915 India) and short dhoti (1921), the form of dress He wore until his death. Mahatma GandRead more
(a) Mahatma Gandhi made various experiment with clothing He wore a shirt with a
dhoti or payjma ( Gujarati boys), Western suit (law student in London). Lungi and kurta (in Johannesburg) Kathiawadi peasant (in 1915 India) and short dhoti (1921), the form of dress He wore until his death. Mahatma Gandhi was a lawyer by profession who was fighting for the freedom of India against British Empire by using the weapons of non-violence and Sotyagraha. He wore the short dhoti without a shirt when he went to England for the Round Table Conference in 1931. As Mahatma Gandhi wore short dhoti, Winston Churchill was provoked to pass such a comment.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi consciously rejected the well-known clothes of the Indian ascetic and adapted the dress of the perfect Indian. Khadi, white and coarse, was to him a sign of purity, of simplicity, and of poverty. Wearing it became also a symbol of nationalism, a rejection of Western mill-made cloth.
(a) : The women in the nineteenth century India continued wearing traditional Indian dress because they were conservative Some people among the upper-classes opposed it C. Kesavan’s autobiography Jeevita Samaram recalls his mother-in-law's first encounter with a blouse gifted by her sister-in-law inRead more
(a) : The women in the nineteenth century India continued wearing traditional Indian dress because they were conservative Some people among the upper-classes opposed it C. Kesavan’s autobiography Jeevita Samaram recalls his mother-in-law’s first encounter with a blouse gifted by her sister-in-law in the late nineteenth century. In the encounter, she was told, “Take it off…. you want to walk around an unlike Muslim women?”
(ii) The women were confined to within the four walls of the house. They did not go out to work in offices. Their dress particularly sarees were comfortable. Attempts at devising a pan. Indian style also did not fully succed. Women of Gujarat Kodagu Kerala and Assam continued to wear different types of sari.
(iii) The caste system too restricted them to wear traditional dresses. It defined what subordinate and dominant caste Hindis should wear and eat. Changes in clothing styles, particularly among women, that threatened the norms often created violent social reactions as in the case of Shanar caste.
(b) status of women was low in the solely. There was gender inequality in India. Their sphere of duty was their home and lock after their children and other members of the Family. They were symbol of sacrifice and suffering who did everything for the welfare all the family. Their condition was miserable.
Two examples of the ways in which European dress aides were different from Indian dress codes are is given below: (i) Turban and hat: The turban in India was not just for protection from the heat but was a sign of respectability, and could not be removed at will. In the European tradition, the bat hRead more
Two examples of the ways in which European dress aides were different from Indian dress codes are is given below:
(i) Turban and hat: The turban in India was not just for protection from the heat but was a sign of respectability, and could not be removed at will. In the European tradition, the bat had to be be moved before social superiors on Sun of respect. The British were often offended Indians did not take off their turban when they met colonial officials Many Indians on the other hand wore the turban lo consciously assert their regional or national identity
(ii) Wearing of shoes : At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was customary for British officials to follow Indian etiquette and remove their footwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs. In India, some British officials also won Indian clothes. In 1830, European were forbidden from wearing Indian clothes at official functions, so that the cultural identity of the white masters was not undermined. However, at the same time, the Indians were expected
to wear Indian clothes to office and follow their dress codes. In 1924-28. Governor General Amherst insisted that Indians should take off their shoes of a sign of respect when they appeared before him, but this Was not followed strictly Lord Dalhousie made ‘shoe respect’ stricter and Indians were made to take all their class when entering any government institution only those who wore European clothes were exempted from the rule This led lot a controversy. In 1862. Manockjee Cowasjee Entee, assessor in the Surat Fouzdaree Adawlut, refusd obey the shoe respect rule and was barred entry into the courtroom. The Indian- had scaled
that the taking, off shoes in place or home was due to two reasons: One the problem of me dirt an filthy has collected by the shoes on the road and secondly, the dirt and filth might lead pollution. The public buildings were differnt from sacred place and home, so shoe respect’ could not be obeyed. But it took many years before shoes were permitted into the courtroom.
(a) The sumptuary laws were the dress codes in France at the time of French Revolution. From about 1294, the people were expected to strictly follow these laws. The laws tried to control the behaviour of social inferiors, preventing them from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beveRead more
(a) The sumptuary laws were the dress codes in France at the time of French Revolution. From about 1294, the people were expected to strictly follow these laws. The laws tried to control the behaviour of social inferiors, preventing them from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beverages and hunting game in certain arese.
(b) Restrictions as mentioned below were imposed on certain classes:
(i) Only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur, or silk, velvet and brocade Other classes were debarred from clothing themselves with materials that were associated with the aristocracy.
(ii) The inferiors were debarred from hunting in certain areas. The French Revolution ended these restrictions Thus, in short, sumptuary laws were used to maintain social hierarchy.
(a) In India there were no sumptuary laws but the caste system laid down the rules for dress codes for different castes. No one could go against these norms or rules. For example, Shanars in Travancore were prohibited from using umbrellas and wearing shoes or golden ornaments. If some people tried tRead more
(a) In India there were no sumptuary laws but the caste system laid down the rules for dress codes for different castes. No one could go against these norms or rules. For example, Shanars in Travancore were prohibited from using umbrellas and wearing shoes or golden ornaments. If some people tried to go against these norms, they were opposed and such incidents led to violent social reactions.
(b) The caste system in India defined, what different castes – subordinate or dominant or upper or lower – should wear In case of the Shanars, and the Nairs in Travancore princely state, the former (Shanars) were a subordinate caste. They were a community of toddy tapers who worked under Nair landlords. They were prohibited from using umbrella etc. and were expected to follow the local custom of never covering their upper bodies before the upper castes.
However in 1820s, under the influence of Christian missions, the Shanar women began wearing tailored houses to cover the upper parts of the bodies like the Nairs. This was against the norms of dressing for the Shanars. Thus, they were attacked in public places and their clothes were torn all. Complaints were filed in the court against the Shanara who refused to render free labour for the upper castes.
The Government intervened and issued a proclamation in 1829 ordering Shanar women to abstain in future from covering the upper parts of the body. This proclamation was not obeyed by the Shanar Christian women and even Shanar Hindus and conflict went on.
In 1855, the slavery was abolished in Travancore. In October 1859, the Shanar women were again attacked and their clothes of upper parts of the body were stripped. Violent clashes took place. Thus, finally the government permitted Shanar women, whether Christian or Hindu to Wear jacket, or cover their upper bodies in any manner whatever, but not like the women of
The Swadeshi Movement was linked to the politics of clothing in the following ways: (i) Condition of India at the time of coming of the British: Indian textiles were in great demand all over the world. Indian goods accounted for one-fourth of the world's manufactured goods in the 17th century. ThereRead more
The Swadeshi Movement was linked to the politics of clothing in the following ways:
(i) Condition of India at the time of coming of the British: Indian textiles were in great demand all over the world. Indian goods accounted for one-fourth of the world’s manufactured goods in the 17th century. There were a million weavers in Bengal alone.
(ii) Industrial Revolution and its effects: The Industrial Revolution in England increased the demand for raw materials such as indigo and cotton. This changed the position in favour of England because Indian peasants were forced to grow crops such as indigo, and cheap British cloth easily replaced career Indian cloth. Unemployment increased and textile weaving centres at Murshidabad, Machilipatnam and Surat declined,
(iii) Lord Curzon and partition of Bengal: In 1906, when Land Curzon decided to partition Bengal to control the growing opposition to British rule, the people opposed it by Swadeshi Movement. Various activities such as boycotts of British goods, start of their own industries, mass protests were staged on by the people. They were encouraged to use khadi as a patriotic duty.
(iv) Conclusion : Thus the people were urged to change their dress. However, this appeal was followed by the upper castes and classes and not by the poor who could not afford to buy khadi. But despite its limitations, the experiment with Swadeshi gave Mahatma Gandhi important ideas about using cloth as a symbolic weapon against Britieh rule.
Mahatma Gandhin experiments with dress changed according to the changing attitude to dress in the subcontinent. Main stages in experiments were as given below: (a) As a boy As a member of u Gujarati Bania family, he usually wore a shirt with a dhoti or pyjama and sometimes a coat. (b) In London as aRead more
Mahatma Gandhin experiments with dress changed according to the changing attitude to dress in the subcontinent. Main stages in experiments were as given below:
(a) As a boy As a member of u Gujarati Bania family, he usually wore a shirt with a dhoti or pyjama and sometimes a coat.
(b) In London as a student: He cut off the tuft on his head and dressed in a Westerns suit so that no one might laugh at him.
(c) On his return to India: He ware Western suits topped with a turban.
(d)) as a lawyer in Johannesburg: He wore Western clothes
(e) In 23 n Durban: He used lungi kurta with his head shaved, as a sign of morning to rest against the shooting Indian coal miners
(f) In 1915 en India : He dressed like a Kathiawadi peasant
Why did Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of clothing the nation in khadi appeal only to some sections of Indians?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi's dream was to clothe the whole nation in khadi. He felt khadi would be a means of erasing difference between religions and classes. But in practice, it was not possible for many people to follow his footsteps. It was difficult to achieve such a unity as desired by Mahalma Gandhi.Read more
(a) Mahatma Gandhi’s dream was to clothe the whole nation in khadi. He felt khadi would be a means of erasing difference between religions and classes. But in practice, it was not possible for many people to follow his footsteps. It was difficult to achieve such a unity as desired by Mahalma Gandhi. Not many could take to the single peasant loincloth as is clear from their responses mentioned below:
See less(i) Nationalists such as Motilal Nehru, gave up his expensive Western-style suits and adopted the Indian dhoti and kurta. But these were not made of coarse cloth.
(ii) Babasaheb Ambedkar never gave up the Western-style suit. Many dalits began in the early 1910s to wear three-piece suits, and shoes and socks on all public occasion, as a political statement of sell-respect.
(iii). A woman from Maharashtra wrote to Mahatma Gandhi that in response to call, she had adopted wearing khadi but for poor people like her it was costly.
(iv) Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru, wore coloured saris with designs, instead of
coarse. white homespun.
(b) The reasons, therefore, for not using Khadi by all can be summed up as given below:
(i) Expensive than mill-made cloth.
(ii) Difficult to obtain in remote places.
(iii) Attraction of Western-style clothing to groups of dalit converts of Christianity.
(iv) Strict social codes dress.
(v) The areas where national activities were negligible.
Winston Churchill described Mahatma Gandhi as a ‘seditious Middle Temple Lawyer’ now “posing is a half naked fakir. What provoked such a comment and what does it tell you about the symbolic strength of Mahatma Gandhi’s dress?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi made various experiment with clothing He wore a shirt with a dhoti or payjma ( Gujarati boys), Western suit (law student in London). Lungi and kurta (in Johannesburg) Kathiawadi peasant (in 1915 India) and short dhoti (1921), the form of dress He wore until his death. Mahatma GandRead more
(a) Mahatma Gandhi made various experiment with clothing He wore a shirt with a
See lessdhoti or payjma ( Gujarati boys), Western suit (law student in London). Lungi and kurta (in Johannesburg) Kathiawadi peasant (in 1915 India) and short dhoti (1921), the form of dress He wore until his death. Mahatma Gandhi was a lawyer by profession who was fighting for the freedom of India against British Empire by using the weapons of non-violence and Sotyagraha. He wore the short dhoti without a shirt when he went to England for the Round Table Conference in 1931. As Mahatma Gandhi wore short dhoti, Winston Churchill was provoked to pass such a comment.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi consciously rejected the well-known clothes of the Indian ascetic and adapted the dress of the perfect Indian. Khadi, white and coarse, was to him a sign of purity, of simplicity, and of poverty. Wearing it became also a symbol of nationalism, a rejection of Western mill-made cloth.
Suggest reasons why women in the nineteenth century India were obliged to continue wearing traditional Indian dress even when men switched over to the more convenient Western clothing. What does this show about the position of women in society?
(a) : The women in the nineteenth century India continued wearing traditional Indian dress because they were conservative Some people among the upper-classes opposed it C. Kesavan’s autobiography Jeevita Samaram recalls his mother-in-law's first encounter with a blouse gifted by her sister-in-law inRead more
(a) : The women in the nineteenth century India continued wearing traditional Indian dress because they were conservative Some people among the upper-classes opposed it C. Kesavan’s autobiography Jeevita Samaram recalls his mother-in-law’s first encounter with a blouse gifted by her sister-in-law in the late nineteenth century. In the encounter, she was told, “Take it off…. you want to walk around an unlike Muslim women?”
See less(ii) The women were confined to within the four walls of the house. They did not go out to work in offices. Their dress particularly sarees were comfortable. Attempts at devising a pan. Indian style also did not fully succed. Women of Gujarat Kodagu Kerala and Assam continued to wear different types of sari.
(iii) The caste system too restricted them to wear traditional dresses. It defined what subordinate and dominant caste Hindis should wear and eat. Changes in clothing styles, particularly among women, that threatened the norms often created violent social reactions as in the case of Shanar caste.
(b) status of women was low in the solely. There was gender inequality in India. Their sphere of duty was their home and lock after their children and other members of the Family. They were symbol of sacrifice and suffering who did everything for the welfare all the family. Their condition was miserable.
Give any two examples of the ways in which European dress codes were different from Indian dress codes.
Two examples of the ways in which European dress aides were different from Indian dress codes are is given below: (i) Turban and hat: The turban in India was not just for protection from the heat but was a sign of respectability, and could not be removed at will. In the European tradition, the bat hRead more
Two examples of the ways in which European dress aides were different from Indian dress codes are is given below:
See less(i) Turban and hat: The turban in India was not just for protection from the heat but was a sign of respectability, and could not be removed at will. In the European tradition, the bat had to be be moved before social superiors on Sun of respect. The British were often offended Indians did not take off their turban when they met colonial officials Many Indians on the other hand wore the turban lo consciously assert their regional or national identity
(ii) Wearing of shoes : At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was customary for British officials to follow Indian etiquette and remove their footwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs. In India, some British officials also won Indian clothes. In 1830, European were forbidden from wearing Indian clothes at official functions, so that the cultural identity of the white masters was not undermined. However, at the same time, the Indians were expected
to wear Indian clothes to office and follow their dress codes. In 1924-28. Governor General Amherst insisted that Indians should take off their shoes of a sign of respect when they appeared before him, but this Was not followed strictly Lord Dalhousie made ‘shoe respect’ stricter and Indians were made to take all their class when entering any government institution only those who wore European clothes were exempted from the rule This led lot a controversy. In 1862. Manockjee Cowasjee Entee, assessor in the Surat Fouzdaree Adawlut, refusd obey the shoe respect rule and was barred entry into the courtroom. The Indian- had scaled
that the taking, off shoes in place or home was due to two reasons: One the problem of me dirt an filthy has collected by the shoes on the road and secondly, the dirt and filth might lead pollution. The public buildings were differnt from sacred place and home, so shoe respect’ could not be obeyed. But it took many years before shoes were permitted into the courtroom.
What were the sumptuary laws in France?
(a) The sumptuary laws were the dress codes in France at the time of French Revolution. From about 1294, the people were expected to strictly follow these laws. The laws tried to control the behaviour of social inferiors, preventing them from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beveRead more
(a) The sumptuary laws were the dress codes in France at the time of French Revolution. From about 1294, the people were expected to strictly follow these laws. The laws tried to control the behaviour of social inferiors, preventing them from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beverages and hunting game in certain arese.
See less(b) Restrictions as mentioned below were imposed on certain classes:
(i) Only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur, or silk, velvet and brocade Other classes were debarred from clothing themselves with materials that were associated with the aristocracy.
(ii) The inferiors were debarred from hunting in certain areas. The French Revolution ended these restrictions Thus, in short, sumptuary laws were used to maintain social hierarchy.
Why did the changes in clothing styles lead to violent social reactions in India? Describe the caste conflict between Shanar caste and Nairs.
(a) In India there were no sumptuary laws but the caste system laid down the rules for dress codes for different castes. No one could go against these norms or rules. For example, Shanars in Travancore were prohibited from using umbrellas and wearing shoes or golden ornaments. If some people tried tRead more
(a) In India there were no sumptuary laws but the caste system laid down the rules for dress codes for different castes. No one could go against these norms or rules. For example, Shanars in Travancore were prohibited from using umbrellas and wearing shoes or golden ornaments. If some people tried to go against these norms, they were opposed and such incidents led to violent social reactions.
See less(b) The caste system in India defined, what different castes – subordinate or dominant or upper or lower – should wear In case of the Shanars, and the Nairs in Travancore princely state, the former (Shanars) were a subordinate caste. They were a community of toddy tapers who worked under Nair landlords. They were prohibited from using umbrella etc. and were expected to follow the local custom of never covering their upper bodies before the upper castes.
However in 1820s, under the influence of Christian missions, the Shanar women began wearing tailored houses to cover the upper parts of the bodies like the Nairs. This was against the norms of dressing for the Shanars. Thus, they were attacked in public places and their clothes were torn all. Complaints were filed in the court against the Shanara who refused to render free labour for the upper castes.
The Government intervened and issued a proclamation in 1829 ordering Shanar women to abstain in future from covering the upper parts of the body. This proclamation was not obeyed by the Shanar Christian women and even Shanar Hindus and conflict went on.
In 1855, the slavery was abolished in Travancore. In October 1859, the Shanar women were again attacked and their clothes of upper parts of the body were stripped. Violent clashes took place. Thus, finally the government permitted Shanar women, whether Christian or Hindu to Wear jacket, or cover their upper bodies in any manner whatever, but not like the women of
Describe in brief the way the Swadeshi Movement was linked to the politics of clothing.
The Swadeshi Movement was linked to the politics of clothing in the following ways: (i) Condition of India at the time of coming of the British: Indian textiles were in great demand all over the world. Indian goods accounted for one-fourth of the world's manufactured goods in the 17th century. ThereRead more
The Swadeshi Movement was linked to the politics of clothing in the following ways:
See less(i) Condition of India at the time of coming of the British: Indian textiles were in great demand all over the world. Indian goods accounted for one-fourth of the world’s manufactured goods in the 17th century. There were a million weavers in Bengal alone.
(ii) Industrial Revolution and its effects: The Industrial Revolution in England increased the demand for raw materials such as indigo and cotton. This changed the position in favour of England because Indian peasants were forced to grow crops such as indigo, and cheap British cloth easily replaced career Indian cloth. Unemployment increased and textile weaving centres at Murshidabad, Machilipatnam and Surat declined,
(iii) Lord Curzon and partition of Bengal: In 1906, when Land Curzon decided to partition Bengal to control the growing opposition to British rule, the people opposed it by Swadeshi Movement. Various activities such as boycotts of British goods, start of their own industries, mass protests were staged on by the people. They were encouraged to use khadi as a patriotic duty.
(iv) Conclusion : Thus the people were urged to change their dress. However, this appeal was followed by the upper castes and classes and not by the poor who could not afford to buy khadi. But despite its limitations, the experiment with Swadeshi gave Mahatma Gandhi important ideas about using cloth as a symbolic weapon against Britieh rule.
Describe in brief Mahatma Gandhi’s experiments with clothing.
Mahatma Gandhin experiments with dress changed according to the changing attitude to dress in the subcontinent. Main stages in experiments were as given below: (a) As a boy As a member of u Gujarati Bania family, he usually wore a shirt with a dhoti or pyjama and sometimes a coat. (b) In London as aRead more
Mahatma Gandhin experiments with dress changed according to the changing attitude to dress in the subcontinent. Main stages in experiments were as given below:
See less(a) As a boy As a member of u Gujarati Bania family, he usually wore a shirt with a dhoti or pyjama and sometimes a coat.
(b) In London as a student: He cut off the tuft on his head and dressed in a Westerns suit so that no one might laugh at him.
(c) On his return to India: He ware Western suits topped with a turban.
(d)) as a lawyer in Johannesburg: He wore Western clothes
(e) In 23 n Durban: He used lungi kurta with his head shaved, as a sign of morning to rest against the shooting Indian coal miners
(f) In 1915 en India : He dressed like a Kathiawadi peasant
Which of the following is an example of public sector service?
(d) Railways
(d) Railways
See lessPublic enterprises are owned by…………
(b) government.
(b) government.
See less