(a) Achievements: It is the largest experiment in a democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Its main achievements are as follows: (l) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc. all over the country. (ii) Constitutional status for local governmentRead more
(a) Achievements: It is the largest experiment in a democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Its main achievements are as follows:
(l) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc. all over the country.
(ii) Constitutional status for local government has helped to strengthen democracy in the country.
(iii) There is now uniformity in local bodies across the country.
(iv) There is a significant number of women in the local bodies.
(b) Problems: There are problems too which are as follows:
(i) Elections are held regularly but not for gram sabhas.
(ii) Many State governments have not transferred powers to the local governments.
(iii) Adequate resources have not been given to them. Thus, there is still a long way to achieve the ideal of local government.
(a) The local bodies in the urban areas are municipalities or municipal committees in towns, municipal corporations in big cities. (b) (i) The members of municipal committees and municipal corporations are also elected by the people. (ii) Municipal Chairperson is the political head of the municipalRead more
(a) The local bodies in the urban areas are municipalities or municipal committees in towns, municipal corporations in big cities.
(b) (i) The members of municipal committees and municipal corporations are also elected by the people.
(ii) Municipal Chairperson is the political head of the municipal committee. Chairperson of municipal Corporation is called the mayor.
A brief description of the rural local government is given below: Panchayati Raj: The rural local government is popularly known as panchayati Raj. It consists of Gram Panchayats, panchayat samiti and Zilla Parishad. (a) Panchayat: (i) There is a panchayat in each village or group of villages. (ii) IRead more
A brief description of the rural local government is given below:
Panchayati Raj: The rural local government is popularly known as panchayati Raj. It consists of Gram Panchayats, panchayat samiti and Zilla Parishad.
(a) Panchayat: (i) There is a panchayat in each village or group of villages.
(ii) It is a council which has several ward members (panch) and a president (sarpanch).
(iii) They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.
(iv) Panchayat is a decision-making body for the entire village.
(v) It works under the overall supervision of gram sabha.
(vi) Gram sabha consists of all the voters and meets twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review its performance.
(b) Panchayat samiti or block or mandal: A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat samiti or block or mandal.The members of this body are elected by all the members of the panchayats in that area.
(c) zilla parishad : All the panchayat samities or mandals in a district constitute zilla parishad, whose members are elected. Members of the Lok sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.
(a) The condition of local government in India before 1992 was as given below: (l) There were panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas but these were directly under the control of the state governments. (ii) Elections to local bodies were not held regularly. (iii) These bodies did noRead more
(a) The condition of local government in India before 1992 was as given below:
(l) There were panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas but these were directly under the control of the state governments.
(ii) Elections to local bodies were not held regularly.
(iii) These bodies did not have financial resources. They were dependent on state or Central Government which used to grant them financial aids.
Thus, in practice, these bodies were controlled by the central or state Governments and did not enjoy independent status. There was thus little decentralisation.
(b) To make third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective, the government made following major changes through 73rd and 74th Amendments:
(l) it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies. If the State Government dissolves the Panchayat before the end of its five year term, fresh elections must be held within six months of such dissolution.
(ii) seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
(iii) One-third of all positions are reserved for women.
(iv) An independent state Election commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state. Thus, the government has tried to strengthen local governments and to ensure an element of uniformity in their structure and functioning across the country.
(a) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called decentralisation. (b) The rationale for decentralisation in power or advantages of decentralisation or the importance of local self-government are as mentioned below: (i) Large number of probleRead more
(a) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called decentralisation.
(b) The rationale for decentralisation in power or advantages of decentralisation or the importance of local self-government are as mentioned below:
(i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level.
(ii) It helps people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) Problems are managed efficiently as local people know their problems and solve them quickly.
(iv) It is important to realise the principle of democracy because it enables people to participate in decision making.
(v) Local people know their priorities and can spend money accordingly.
The total number of species, that are known and described, range between
(c) 1.7-1.8 million
(c) 1.7-1.8 million
See lessHotspots of biodiversity means
(a) areas of the Earth that contain many endemic species
(a) areas of the Earth that contain many endemic species
See lessAssume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹5000. If the income of three families is ₹4000, ₹7000 and ₹3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(iv) ₹6000
(iv) ₹6000
See lessWhich of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(ii) Sri Lanka
(ii) Sri Lanka
See lessDevelopment of a country can generally be determined by.
(i) its per capita income
(i) its per capita income
See lessDescribe the achievements of the new system of local governments. Also mention the problems that are being faced by these bodies.
(a) Achievements: It is the largest experiment in a democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Its main achievements are as follows: (l) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc. all over the country. (ii) Constitutional status for local governmentRead more
(a) Achievements: It is the largest experiment in a democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Its main achievements are as follows:
See less(l) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc. all over the country.
(ii) Constitutional status for local government has helped to strengthen democracy in the country.
(iii) There is now uniformity in local bodies across the country.
(iv) There is a significant number of women in the local bodies.
(b) Problems: There are problems too which are as follows:
(i) Elections are held regularly but not for gram sabhas.
(ii) Many State governments have not transferred powers to the local governments.
(iii) Adequate resources have not been given to them. Thus, there is still a long way to achieve the ideal of local government.
Which are the local bodies in the urban areas? What is their composition?
(a) The local bodies in the urban areas are municipalities or municipal committees in towns, municipal corporations in big cities. (b) (i) The members of municipal committees and municipal corporations are also elected by the people. (ii) Municipal Chairperson is the political head of the municipalRead more
(a) The local bodies in the urban areas are municipalities or municipal committees in towns, municipal corporations in big cities.
See less(b) (i) The members of municipal committees and municipal corporations are also elected by the people.
(ii) Municipal Chairperson is the political head of the municipal committee. Chairperson of municipal Corporation is called the mayor.
Give a brief description of rural local government in India.
A brief description of the rural local government is given below: Panchayati Raj: The rural local government is popularly known as panchayati Raj. It consists of Gram Panchayats, panchayat samiti and Zilla Parishad. (a) Panchayat: (i) There is a panchayat in each village or group of villages. (ii) IRead more
A brief description of the rural local government is given below:
See lessPanchayati Raj: The rural local government is popularly known as panchayati Raj. It consists of Gram Panchayats, panchayat samiti and Zilla Parishad.
(a) Panchayat: (i) There is a panchayat in each village or group of villages.
(ii) It is a council which has several ward members (panch) and a president (sarpanch).
(iii) They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.
(iv) Panchayat is a decision-making body for the entire village.
(v) It works under the overall supervision of gram sabha.
(vi) Gram sabha consists of all the voters and meets twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review its performance.
(b) Panchayat samiti or block or mandal: A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat samiti or block or mandal.The members of this body are elected by all the members of the panchayats in that area.
(c) zilla parishad : All the panchayat samities or mandals in a district constitute zilla parishad, whose members are elected. Members of the Lok sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.
Explain any four provisions that have been in made towards decentralisation in India after the constitutional amendment in l992.
(a) The condition of local government in India before 1992 was as given below: (l) There were panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas but these were directly under the control of the state governments. (ii) Elections to local bodies were not held regularly. (iii) These bodies did noRead more
(a) The condition of local government in India before 1992 was as given below:
See less(l) There were panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas but these were directly under the control of the state governments.
(ii) Elections to local bodies were not held regularly.
(iii) These bodies did not have financial resources. They were dependent on state or Central Government which used to grant them financial aids.
Thus, in practice, these bodies were controlled by the central or state Governments and did not enjoy independent status. There was thus little decentralisation.
(b) To make third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective, the government made following major changes through 73rd and 74th Amendments:
(l) it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies. If the State Government dissolves the Panchayat before the end of its five year term, fresh elections must be held within six months of such dissolution.
(ii) seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
(iii) One-third of all positions are reserved for women.
(iv) An independent state Election commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state. Thus, the government has tried to strengthen local governments and to ensure an element of uniformity in their structure and functioning across the country.
Analyse the advantage of decentralisation.
(a) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called decentralisation. (b) The rationale for decentralisation in power or advantages of decentralisation or the importance of local self-government are as mentioned below: (i) Large number of probleRead more
(a) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called decentralisation.
See less(b) The rationale for decentralisation in power or advantages of decentralisation or the importance of local self-government are as mentioned below:
(i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level.
(ii) It helps people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) Problems are managed efficiently as local people know their problems and solve them quickly.
(iv) It is important to realise the principle of democracy because it enables people to participate in decision making.
(v) Local people know their priorities and can spend money accordingly.