(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas' (ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. (iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. (iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of BRead more
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas’
(ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown.
(iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmel, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available.
(v) By October, when grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon.
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. (ii) Through ForRead more
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive.
(ii) Through Forest Acts, some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal, were declared ‘Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed to enter these forests. The colonisers beiieved that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
(iii) The colonisers wanted nomadic tribes to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights. Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding.
(iv) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. In most pastoral tracts of india, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-19th century. This tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of collection was made more efficient.
(i) They are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them have migrated to this region while searching for greener pastures' (ii) Gradually, they have established themselves in the area and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds' (iii) In winter, when the high mountains wereRead more
(i) They are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them have migrated to this region while searching for greener pastures’
(ii) Gradually, they have established themselves in the area and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds’
(iii) In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snort they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Shiwalik range’
(iv) By the end of April, they move upwards for their Summer pastures. In summer, these mountains were lush green with a variety of grasses that provided nutritious forage for the animal herds’
There are two main factors responsible for lose during storage. A. Biotic factors include: 1. Insects, e.g., grubs of pulse beetle; grubs and adults of rice weevil; wheat weevil; caterpillar of grain and flour moth; larvae and adult of rust red flour beetle; Iarvae of rice moth and grubs and adultsRead more
There are two main factors responsible for lose during storage. A. Biotic factors include:
1. Insects, e.g., grubs of pulse beetle; grubs and adults of rice weevil; wheat weevil; caterpillar of grain and flour moth; larvae and adult of rust red flour beetle; Iarvae of rice moth and grubs and adults of lesser grain borer.
2 Rodents, e.g., striped squirrel, house rat, house mouse, lesser bandicoot rat, etc.
3. Birds, e.g., parakeet, sparrow, bulbul, blue rock pigeon, crow, etc.
4. Mites; 5. Fungi; and 6. Bacteria”
B. Abiotic factors. They include moisture, temperature and other non-living environmental factors.
There are three different sources from where a plant gets the 16 essential nutrients: air, water and soil (see Table 1.2). The nutrients taken from air and water are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen and these are taken by stomata (of leaf), lenticel (of stem) and root-hairs (of roots). Rest 13 nutrientsRead more
There are three different sources from where a plant gets the 16 essential nutrients: air, water and soil (see Table 1.2). The nutrients taken from air and water are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen and these are taken by stomata (of leaf), lenticel (of stem) and root-hairs (of roots). Rest 13 nutrients are obtained from soil. These 13 nutrients remain dissolved in water in the soil and are absorbed by the plant roots.
How did Raikas of Rajasthan practise cattle rearing?
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas' (ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. (iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. (iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of BRead more
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas’
See less(ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown.
(iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmel, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available.
(v) By October, when grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon.
In what ways was cultivation practised in Maharashtra by Dhangars?
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
See less(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
How did the British carry out the administration of the Maasais?
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
See less(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
Describe the social division of the Maasais.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
See less(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
How did the Maasais of northern Kenya lose their grazing lands?
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
See less(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.
Discuss how the life of pastoralists changed dramatically under the colonial rule.
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. (ii) Through ForRead more
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive.
See less(ii) Through Forest Acts, some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal, were declared ‘Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed to enter these forests. The colonisers beiieved that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
(iii) The colonisers wanted nomadic tribes to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights. Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding.
(iv) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. In most pastoral tracts of india, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-19th century. This tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of collection was made more efficient.
How do Gujjar Bakarwals spend their life on the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir?
(i) They are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them have migrated to this region while searching for greener pastures' (ii) Gradually, they have established themselves in the area and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds' (iii) In winter, when the high mountains wereRead more
(i) They are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them have migrated to this region while searching for greener pastures’
See less(ii) Gradually, they have established themselves in the area and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds’
(iii) In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snort they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Shiwalik range’
(iv) By the end of April, they move upwards for their Summer pastures. In summer, these mountains were lush green with a variety of grasses that provided nutritious forage for the animal herds’
What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
There are two main factors responsible for lose during storage. A. Biotic factors include: 1. Insects, e.g., grubs of pulse beetle; grubs and adults of rice weevil; wheat weevil; caterpillar of grain and flour moth; larvae and adult of rust red flour beetle; Iarvae of rice moth and grubs and adultsRead more
There are two main factors responsible for lose during storage. A. Biotic factors include:
See less1. Insects, e.g., grubs of pulse beetle; grubs and adults of rice weevil; wheat weevil; caterpillar of grain and flour moth; larvae and adult of rust red flour beetle; Iarvae of rice moth and grubs and adults of lesser grain borer.
2 Rodents, e.g., striped squirrel, house rat, house mouse, lesser bandicoot rat, etc.
3. Birds, e.g., parakeet, sparrow, bulbul, blue rock pigeon, crow, etc.
4. Mites; 5. Fungi; and 6. Bacteria”
B. Abiotic factors. They include moisture, temperature and other non-living environmental factors.
How do plants get nutrients?
There are three different sources from where a plant gets the 16 essential nutrients: air, water and soil (see Table 1.2). The nutrients taken from air and water are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen and these are taken by stomata (of leaf), lenticel (of stem) and root-hairs (of roots). Rest 13 nutrientsRead more
There are three different sources from where a plant gets the 16 essential nutrients: air, water and soil (see Table 1.2). The nutrients taken from air and water are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen and these are taken by stomata (of leaf), lenticel (of stem) and root-hairs (of roots). Rest 13 nutrients are obtained from soil. These 13 nutrients remain dissolved in water in the soil and are absorbed by the plant roots.
See lessFill in the blanks: Cell theory was first given by……….and………..
Cell theory was first given by Schleiden and Schwann
Cell theory was first given by Schleiden and Schwann
See less