The chain of events was as given below: (i) 1979: The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission or Mandal Commission to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and to make recommendations for their advancement. (ii) 1980:Read more
The chain of events was as given below:
(i) 1979: The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission or Mandal Commission to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and to make recommendations for their advancement.
(ii) 1980: The Commission gave its report. One major recommendation was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes. No action was taken.
(iii) 1989: (a) During Lok Sabha elections, Janata Dal promised that if voted to power, it would implement the Report.
(b) Janata Dal formed the government. President of India in his address to the Parliament announced government’s intention to implement the report of Mandal Commission.
(iv) 1990: (a) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.
(b) On 7th August-Prime Minister announced in the Parliament about Cabinet decision.
(c) Decision was conveyed to the Department of Personnel and Training and order was issued on 13 August, 1990.
(v) 1990-92 : Debate for and against the order took place. There were protests and
counter-protests. Cases were filed in the courts.
(vi) 1992: Supreme Court in ‘Indira Sawhney and Others Vs Union of India’ case decided that the order was valid. However’, the court asked the Government to modify its original order to exclude the well to do persons among the backward classes from getting the benefit of reservation Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued Office Memorandum on September 8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.
(a) we need institutions due to the reasons as mentioned below: (i) Modern state is a welfare state. A government is supposed to perform various functions i.e., security of its citizens, law and order, justice, welfare activities, such as education, supply of water, electricity and other functions.Read more
(a) we need institutions due to the reasons as mentioned below:
(i) Modern state is a welfare state. A government is supposed to perform various functions i.e., security of its citizens, law and order, justice, welfare activities, such as education, supply of water, electricity and other functions.
(ii) Various decisions are taken and implemented for the welfare of the people.
(iii) All these functions are performed by various institutions in a democracy.
(iv) The constitution of a country lays down rules and regulations for the establishment of these institutions and their powers.
So, institutions are necessary for the working of a government and for the welfare of the people.
(b) The main institutions in India are as follows:
(i) The Prime Minister and the cabinet: They take important decisions.
(ii) Civil Servants: They implement the decisions of the ministers.
(iii) Supreme Court: It decides disputes between citizens and the government.
(c) Importance of institutions: Institutions work in accordance with rules and regulations. This sometimes leads to delays in taking decisions. But to take decisions in this way is the spirit of democracy. At the same time the delay in taking decision, gives an opportunity to the people to be consulted directly or indirectly in any decision” Generally, institutions help us to take good decisions. That is why institutions are necessary in a democracy.
(a) There are two categories of the executive as follows: (i) Political executive: They are elected by the people e.g., political leaders (ministers). They take decisions in the policy matters. (ii) Permanent executive or Civil Services : They are appointed on a long-term basis. Persons working in cRead more
(a) There are two categories of the executive as follows:
(i) Political executive: They are elected by the people e.g., political leaders (ministers). They take decisions in the policy matters.
(ii) Permanent executive or Civil Services : They are appointed on a long-term basis. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants. They work under political executive and assist them in carrying out the day-to-day administration. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.
(b) In a democracy the political executive is powerful than the non-political or permanent executive because in a democracy., the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. Ministers are finally answerable to the people for all the consequences for their decisions. That is why the ministers take the final decisions and are more powerful than the civil servants who give them
expert advice on ail technical matters. The civil servants wo the options about any policy before a minister who takes final decision in the matter keeping in view the welfare of the people.
(a) Powers: (i) He chairs the Cabinet meetings. (ii) He coordinates the work of different departments. (iii) His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between the departments. (iv) He exercises general supervision of various ministries. (v) All ministers work under his leadership. (vi) PriRead more
(a) Powers: (i) He chairs the Cabinet meetings.
(ii) He coordinates the work of different departments.
(iii) His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between the departments.
(iv) He exercises general supervision of various ministries.
(v) All ministers work under his leadership.
(vi) Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
(vii) He has the power to dismiss ministers.
(viii) When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.
(b) Position of the Prime Minister : The powers of the Prime Minister in all parliamentary democracies of the world have increased so much in recent decades that these are sometimes seen as Prime Ministerial form of government.
Within the Cabinet he is the most powerful. He controls the party and through the party controls the Cabinet and the Parliament. Elections are competition between top leaders of parties. Jawaharlal Nehru exercised great authority due to his influence over the public. Indira Gandhi was also a very powerful leader. Of course, the extent of power wielded by a prime Minister also depends on the personality of the person holding that position. In recent years the rise of coalition politics has changed the position of the Prime Minister of India. Now under coalition government, a Prime Minister has to accommodate views of
different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners on whose support
the survival of the government depends. He has to follow, the agreement among partners in the
government.
Thus” coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister.
(a) Election: (i)All the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLA) elect the President. (ii) A candidate standing for President's post has to get a majority of votes to win the Election. (iii) This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the enRead more
(a) Election: (i)All the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State
Legislative Assemblies (MLA) elect the President.
(ii) A candidate standing for President’s post has to get a majority of votes to win the Election.
(iii) This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the entire nation.
(b) Powers : The President has many powers. There is nothing that he cannot do.
(i) All governmental activities take place in the name of the President.
(ii) All laws and major policy, decisions of the government are issued in his/her name.
(iii) All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of tire Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the State-s, the Governors of the States, the Election Commissioners, ambassadors to other countries, etc.
(iv) All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President.
(v) The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.
(c) Position: However, All these powers are exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The President can ask tire Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice. But if the same advice is given again, he/she is bound to act according to it. It may be mentioned here that the President uses his/her discretion to appoint the Prime Minister, in case no party or coalition
gets majority in Lok Sabha. In such a case? the President can ask the newly appointed prime Minister to prove majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time. On the whole, it can be said that the President is a nominal head and his/her position is like the queen of England. He/she is head of the state and not of the government.
Describe the chain of events leading to issuing of office memorandum dated 8.9.1993 regarding reservation for Other Backward Classes in civil posts and services under the Government of India.
The chain of events was as given below: (i) 1979: The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission or Mandal Commission to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and to make recommendations for their advancement. (ii) 1980:Read more
The chain of events was as given below:
See less(i) 1979: The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission or Mandal Commission to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and to make recommendations for their advancement.
(ii) 1980: The Commission gave its report. One major recommendation was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes. No action was taken.
(iii) 1989: (a) During Lok Sabha elections, Janata Dal promised that if voted to power, it would implement the Report.
(b) Janata Dal formed the government. President of India in his address to the Parliament announced government’s intention to implement the report of Mandal Commission.
(iv) 1990: (a) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.
(b) On 7th August-Prime Minister announced in the Parliament about Cabinet decision.
(c) Decision was conveyed to the Department of Personnel and Training and order was issued on 13 August, 1990.
(v) 1990-92 : Debate for and against the order took place. There were protests and
counter-protests. Cases were filed in the courts.
(vi) 1992: Supreme Court in ‘Indira Sawhney and Others Vs Union of India’ case decided that the order was valid. However’, the court asked the Government to modify its original order to exclude the well to do persons among the backward classes from getting the benefit of reservation Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued Office Memorandum on September 8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.
Why do we need institutions? Mention India some of the major institutions in and their importance.
(a) we need institutions due to the reasons as mentioned below: (i) Modern state is a welfare state. A government is supposed to perform various functions i.e., security of its citizens, law and order, justice, welfare activities, such as education, supply of water, electricity and other functions.Read more
(a) we need institutions due to the reasons as mentioned below:
See less(i) Modern state is a welfare state. A government is supposed to perform various functions i.e., security of its citizens, law and order, justice, welfare activities, such as education, supply of water, electricity and other functions.
(ii) Various decisions are taken and implemented for the welfare of the people.
(iii) All these functions are performed by various institutions in a democracy.
(iv) The constitution of a country lays down rules and regulations for the establishment of these institutions and their powers.
So, institutions are necessary for the working of a government and for the welfare of the people.
(b) The main institutions in India are as follows:
(i) The Prime Minister and the cabinet: They take important decisions.
(ii) Civil Servants: They implement the decisions of the ministers.
(iii) Supreme Court: It decides disputes between citizens and the government.
(c) Importance of institutions: Institutions work in accordance with rules and regulations. This sometimes leads to delays in taking decisions. But to take decisions in this way is the spirit of democracy. At the same time the delay in taking decision, gives an opportunity to the people to be consulted directly or indirectly in any decision” Generally, institutions help us to take good decisions. That is why institutions are necessary in a democracy.
Describe different types of executive. Compare their powers in a democracy.
(a) There are two categories of the executive as follows: (i) Political executive: They are elected by the people e.g., political leaders (ministers). They take decisions in the policy matters. (ii) Permanent executive or Civil Services : They are appointed on a long-term basis. Persons working in cRead more
(a) There are two categories of the executive as follows:
See less(i) Political executive: They are elected by the people e.g., political leaders (ministers). They take decisions in the policy matters.
(ii) Permanent executive or Civil Services : They are appointed on a long-term basis. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants. They work under political executive and assist them in carrying out the day-to-day administration. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.
(b) In a democracy the political executive is powerful than the non-political or permanent executive because in a democracy., the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. Ministers are finally answerable to the people for all the consequences for their decisions. That is why the ministers take the final decisions and are more powerful than the civil servants who give them
expert advice on ail technical matters. The civil servants wo the options about any policy before a minister who takes final decision in the matter keeping in view the welfare of the people.
Describe briefly the powers and position of the prime Minister.
(a) Powers: (i) He chairs the Cabinet meetings. (ii) He coordinates the work of different departments. (iii) His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between the departments. (iv) He exercises general supervision of various ministries. (v) All ministers work under his leadership. (vi) PriRead more
(a) Powers: (i) He chairs the Cabinet meetings.
See less(ii) He coordinates the work of different departments.
(iii) His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between the departments.
(iv) He exercises general supervision of various ministries.
(v) All ministers work under his leadership.
(vi) Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
(vii) He has the power to dismiss ministers.
(viii) When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.
(b) Position of the Prime Minister : The powers of the Prime Minister in all parliamentary democracies of the world have increased so much in recent decades that these are sometimes seen as Prime Ministerial form of government.
Within the Cabinet he is the most powerful. He controls the party and through the party controls the Cabinet and the Parliament. Elections are competition between top leaders of parties. Jawaharlal Nehru exercised great authority due to his influence over the public. Indira Gandhi was also a very powerful leader. Of course, the extent of power wielded by a prime Minister also depends on the personality of the person holding that position. In recent years the rise of coalition politics has changed the position of the Prime Minister of India. Now under coalition government, a Prime Minister has to accommodate views of
different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners on whose support
the survival of the government depends. He has to follow, the agreement among partners in the
government.
Thus” coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister.
Describe the election, powers and position of the President of India.
(a) Election: (i)All the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLA) elect the President. (ii) A candidate standing for President's post has to get a majority of votes to win the Election. (iii) This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the enRead more
(a) Election: (i)All the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State
See lessLegislative Assemblies (MLA) elect the President.
(ii) A candidate standing for President’s post has to get a majority of votes to win the Election.
(iii) This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the entire nation.
(b) Powers : The President has many powers. There is nothing that he cannot do.
(i) All governmental activities take place in the name of the President.
(ii) All laws and major policy, decisions of the government are issued in his/her name.
(iii) All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of tire Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the State-s, the Governors of the States, the Election Commissioners, ambassadors to other countries, etc.
(iv) All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President.
(v) The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.
(c) Position: However, All these powers are exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The President can ask tire Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice. But if the same advice is given again, he/she is bound to act according to it. It may be mentioned here that the President uses his/her discretion to appoint the Prime Minister, in case no party or coalition
gets majority in Lok Sabha. In such a case? the President can ask the newly appointed prime Minister to prove majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time. On the whole, it can be said that the President is a nominal head and his/her position is like the queen of England. He/she is head of the state and not of the government.