In India, Leh in Ladakh is among the coldest places, with temperatures dropping to -40°C. Phalodi in Rajasthan is one of the hottest, reaching up to 51.0°C. These extremes vary seasonally.
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Animal body temperatures are measured using digital or mercury thermometers, typically rectally for accuracy. Each species has its own normal range: cats and dogs around 101-102°F, horses 99-101°F, camels 97-101°F, cows and buffaloes 100.5-102.5°F.
If someone says she has a fever of 101 degrees, she is most likely referring to the Fahrenheit scale. A temperature of 101°F is a common fever range, while 101°C would be dangerously high.
Each division of a laboratory thermometer with 50 divisions between 0°C and 100°C measures 2°C. This is calculated by dividing the total temperature range (100°C – 0°C) by the number of divisions.
A laboratory thermometer is not used to measure body temperature because it has a wide range and low sensitivity, which makes it unsuitable for accurately measuring the narrow temperature range of the human body.
The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert liquid water into steam at its boiling point without changing its temperature. It is about 2260 kJ/kg for water.
The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change water from solid ice to liquid water at its melting point, without changing its temperature. It is 334 kJ/kg.
Temperature affects the state of water by influencing its phase transitions. Increasing temperature can cause ice to melt or water to evaporate, while decreasing temperature can lead to freezing or condensation of water vapor.
Deposition is the process where water vapor changes directly into solid ice without becoming liquid first. This occurs when water vapor loses energy and forms ice crystals, such as frost on cold surfaces.
Sublimation is the process where ice (solid water) directly transitions into water vapor (gas) without first becoming liquid. This occurs when ice absorbs enough energy to bypass the liquid phase.