Muhammad Ghori is considered the founder of Muslim rule in India because he established permanent political control after defeating Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 AD. Unlike Mahmud Ghaznavi, Ghori focused on administration rather than plunder. His general Qutbuddin Aibak later established ...
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Ibn Battuta vividly described the painful scene of a woman committing Sati, burning herself on her husband’s funeral pyre while drums beat loudly to drown her cries. His account provides one of the earliest foreign descriptions of this ritual. Though ...
Lahore became a major centre of Persian art, culture and literature due to Mahmud Ghaznavi’s influence. Persian administrators, scholars and poets migrated there, introducing Persian styles in architecture, language and learning. Lahore later developed into an important cultural hub that ...
Firdausi, author of the epic Shahnama, was not part of Mahmud Ghaznavi’s Indian expeditions. Though he lived during Mahmud’s time, he worked mainly in Persia. The historians who actually documented Mahmud’s rule were Alberuni (Kitab-ul-Hind), Utbi (Tarikh-i-Yamini), and Vaihaki (Tarikh-i-Subuktagin). ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi belonged to the Yamini dynasty, named after his title “Yamin ud Daula.” His father Sabuktigin founded this dynasty. Under Mahmud, the dynasty expanded its territories in Central Asia, Afghanistan and parts of Punjab. The Yamini rulers played a ...