(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. (ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to produce wheat. (iii) American settlers laid down railway lines, that made it easier to transport grain for wheat growing regions for tRead more
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was
becoming even bigger.
(ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to
produce wheat.
(iii) American settlers laid down railway lines, that made it easier to transport
grain for wheat growing regions for the export to European countries.
(iv) During World War many countries lost their production, so US fed
Europe.
(v) US President rightly said, “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war.”
(i) When the British conquered Bengal, they made a determined effort to produce opium in the lands under their control. (ii) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium flowed out of Bengal Ports. (iii) Before 1767 , no more than 500 chests of tea were being exported from lndiRead more
(i) When the British conquered Bengal, they made a determined effort to
produce opium in the lands under their control.
(ii) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium
flowed out of Bengal Ports.
(iii) Before 1767 , no more than 500 chests of tea were being exported from
lndia.
(iv) Within four years, the quantity tripled.
(v) A hundred years later, in 1870, the government was exporting about
50,000 chests annually.
(i) In the late 18th century, the English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. (ii) As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important. (iii) In 1785, about 15 million pounds of tea was being imported into England. (iv) By 1830,Read more
(i) In the late 18th century, the English East India Company was buying tea
and silk from China for sale in England.
(ii) As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and
more important.
(iii) In 1785, about 15 million pounds of tea was being imported into
England.
(iv) By 1830, the figure had jumped over 30 million pounds.
(v) In fact, the profits of the East India Company began to depend on the
tea trade.
(i) For the poorer farmers, machinery brought misery. It{any of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere. (ii) But jobs were difficult to find. Mechanisation had reduced the need for labour. (iii) The boom of the late 19th century seemed to have come to an end by the mid- 1920s. (iv)Read more
(i) For the poorer farmers, machinery brought misery. It{any of them
deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(ii) But jobs were difficult to find. Mechanisation had reduced the need for
labour.
(iii) The boom of the late 19th century seemed to have come to an end by the
mid- 1920s.
(iv) After that, most farmers faced trouble. Production had expanded so
rapidly during the war and post-war years that there was a large surplus.
(v) Unsold stocks piled up, structures overflowed with grain and vast
amounts of corn and wheat were turned into animal feed.
(vi) Wheat prices fell and export workers collapsed. This created the
grounds for the great Agrarian Depression of the l930s that ruined
wheat farmers everywhere.
(i) Once the crop had ripened, it had to be harvested. Before the 1830s, the grain used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle. (ii) At harvest time, hundreds of men and women could be seen in the fields cutting the crop. (iii) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which couRead more
(i) Once the crop had ripened, it had to be harvested. Before the 1830s, the
grain used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle.
(ii) At harvest time, hundreds of men and women could be seen in the fields
cutting the crop.
(iii) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which
could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16
men with sickles.
(iv) By the early 20th century most farmers were using combined harvesters
to cut the crop.
(v) With one of these machines, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in
two weeks.
(i) After the Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to their villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive. (ii) But this was time when grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in. (iii) Anxious landowners began reducingRead more
(i) After the Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to
their villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive.
(ii) But this was time when grain from Europe began flowing into England,
prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in.
(iii) Anxious landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and
demanded that the imports of crops be stopped.
(iv) They tried to cut wages and reduce the number of workmen they
employed.
(v) The unemployed poor tramped from village to village, and those with
uncertain jobs lived in fear of a loss of their livelihood.
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century enclosures that promoted sheep farming. (ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production. (iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became a sign of a changing time. (Read more
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century
enclosures that promoted sheep farming.
(ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production.
(iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became
a sign of a changing time.
(iv) From the mid-18th century, the English population expanded
rapidly. This meant an increased demand for foodgrains to feed the
population.
(v) Moreover, Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people
began to live and work in urban areas.
(vi) Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs. To survive,
they had to buy foodgrains in the marker. So, these conditions led to
more and more enclosures.
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly over opium trade. (ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium. (iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production wasRead more
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly
over opium trade.
(ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium.
(iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories
was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production was
increasing.
(iv) It was produced in the princely states where local traders were offering
much higher prices to peasants and exporting opium to China.
(v) To the British, this trade was illegal; it was smuggling and it had to be
stopped. Government monopoly had tr-i be retained.
(vi) It therefore, instructed its agents posted in the princely stares to
confiscate all opium and destroy the crops.
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by their village headmen. (ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later'. (iiRead more
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor
peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by
their village headmen.
(ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to
meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later’.
(iii) But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the
government.
(iv) The government opium agents were advancing money to headmen,
who in turn gave it to the cultivator.
(v) By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specific
area of land and hand over the produce to the agents.
(vi) He had no choice of planting the field with the crop of his choice or
selling his produce to anyone else but the government agent. And he
had to accept the low price offered for the produce.
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not be grown there. (ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to theRead more
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near
villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually
produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not
be grown there.
(ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to the
landlord for the lease land. And the rent charged on good land near the
villages were very high.
(iii) The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. The plant u,as delicate
and the cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing it.
(iv) The price government paid to the cultivators for opium was very low. It
was unprofitable for cultivators to grow opium at that price.
How did white Americans intercede America and then turn the greenlands into Bread Basket of the world ?
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. (ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to produce wheat. (iii) American settlers laid down railway lines, that made it easier to transport grain for wheat growing regions for tRead more
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was
See lessbecoming even bigger.
(ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to
produce wheat.
(iii) American settlers laid down railway lines, that made it easier to transport
grain for wheat growing regions for the export to European countries.
(iv) During World War many countries lost their production, so US fed
Europe.
(v) US President rightly said, “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war.”
How did the British start exporting opium to China ?
(i) When the British conquered Bengal, they made a determined effort to produce opium in the lands under their control. (ii) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium flowed out of Bengal Ports. (iii) Before 1767 , no more than 500 chests of tea were being exported from lndiRead more
(i) When the British conquered Bengal, they made a determined effort to
See lessproduce opium in the lands under their control.
(ii) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium
flowed out of Bengal Ports.
(iii) Before 1767 , no more than 500 chests of tea were being exported from
lndia.
(iv) Within four years, the quantity tripled.
(v) A hundred years later, in 1870, the government was exporting about
50,000 chests annually.
How did the tea trade start between Chinese and British ?
(i) In the late 18th century, the English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. (ii) As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important. (iii) In 1785, about 15 million pounds of tea was being imported into England. (iv) By 1830,Read more
(i) In the late 18th century, the English East India Company was buying tea
See lessand silk from China for sale in England.
(ii) As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and
more important.
(iii) In 1785, about 15 million pounds of tea was being imported into
England.
(iv) By 1830, the figure had jumped over 30 million pounds.
(v) In fact, the profits of the East India Company began to depend on the
tea trade.
How was the great Agrarian Depression set ?
(i) For the poorer farmers, machinery brought misery. It{any of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere. (ii) But jobs were difficult to find. Mechanisation had reduced the need for labour. (iii) The boom of the late 19th century seemed to have come to an end by the mid- 1920s. (iv)Read more
(i) For the poorer farmers, machinery brought misery. It{any of them
See lessdeserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(ii) But jobs were difficult to find. Mechanisation had reduced the need for
labour.
(iii) The boom of the late 19th century seemed to have come to an end by the
mid- 1920s.
(iv) After that, most farmers faced trouble. Production had expanded so
rapidly during the war and post-war years that there was a large surplus.
(v) Unsold stocks piled up, structures overflowed with grain and vast
amounts of corn and wheat were turned into animal feed.
(vi) Wheat prices fell and export workers collapsed. This created the
grounds for the great Agrarian Depression of the l930s that ruined
wheat farmers everywhere.
What role was played by the mechanical reaper in the harvest ?
(i) Once the crop had ripened, it had to be harvested. Before the 1830s, the grain used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle. (ii) At harvest time, hundreds of men and women could be seen in the fields cutting the crop. (iii) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which couRead more
(i) Once the crop had ripened, it had to be harvested. Before the 1830s, the
See lessgrain used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle.
(ii) At harvest time, hundreds of men and women could be seen in the fields
cutting the crop.
(iii) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which
could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16
men with sickles.
(iv) By the early 20th century most farmers were using combined harvesters
to cut the crop.
(v) With one of these machines, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in
two weeks.
How did Agricultural Depression lead to job insecurity ?
(i) After the Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to their villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive. (ii) But this was time when grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in. (iii) Anxious landowners began reducingRead more
(i) After the Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to
See lesstheir villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive.
(ii) But this was time when grain from Europe began flowing into England,
prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in.
(iii) Anxious landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and
demanded that the imports of crops be stopped.
(iv) They tried to cut wages and reduce the number of workmen they
employed.
(v) The unemployed poor tramped from village to village, and those with
uncertain jobs lived in fear of a loss of their livelihood.
Why was there such a frantic effort to enclose lands? What did the new enclosures imply ?
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century enclosures that promoted sheep farming. (ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production. (iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became a sign of a changing time. (Read more
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century
See lessenclosures that promoted sheep farming.
(ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production.
(iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became
a sign of a changing time.
(iv) From the mid-18th century, the English population expanded
rapidly. This meant an increased demand for foodgrains to feed the
population.
(v) Moreover, Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people
began to live and work in urban areas.
(vi) Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs. To survive,
they had to buy foodgrains in the marker. So, these conditions led to
more and more enclosures.
How did the British establish their monopoly over opium trade ?
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly over opium trade. (ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium. (iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production wasRead more
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly
See lessover opium trade.
(ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium.
(iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories
was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production was
increasing.
(iv) It was produced in the princely states where local traders were offering
much higher prices to peasants and exporting opium to China.
(v) To the British, this trade was illegal; it was smuggling and it had to be
stopped. Government monopoly had tr-i be retained.
(vi) It therefore, instructed its agents posted in the princely stares to
confiscate all opium and destroy the crops.
flow were the unwilling cultivators made to produce opium ?
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by their village headmen. (ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later'. (iiRead more
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor
See lesspeasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by
their village headmen.
(ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to
meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later’.
(iii) But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the
government.
(iv) The government opium agents were advancing money to headmen,
who in turn gave it to the cultivator.
(v) By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specific
area of land and hand over the produce to the agents.
(vi) He had no choice of planting the field with the crop of his choice or
selling his produce to anyone else but the government agent. And he
had to accept the low price offered for the produce.
Why were Indian cultivators unwilling to grow opium ?
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not be grown there. (ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to theRead more
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near
See lessvillages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually
produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not
be grown there.
(ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to the
landlord for the lease land. And the rent charged on good land near the
villages were very high.
(iii) The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. The plant u,as delicate
and the cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing it.
(iv) The price government paid to the cultivators for opium was very low. It
was unprofitable for cultivators to grow opium at that price.