The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Although state level poverty has witnessed a secular decline from the levels of early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. The interstate disparities are as follows: (i) In 20 states and union territRead more
The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Although state level
poverty has witnessed a secular decline from the levels of early seventies, the success rate of
reducing poverty varies from state to state. The interstate disparities are as follows:
(i) In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average.
(ii) The poverty is still a serious problem in Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh.
(iii) Orissa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent, respectively.
(iv) Along with rural poverty” urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.
The reasons for this decline are as mentioned below:
(a) Punjab and Haryana have succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high
agricultural growth rates.
(b) Kerala has focused on human resource development.
(c) In west Bengal, poverty has been reduced by land reform measures
(d) In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, public distribution of food grains has helped in the improvement of situation.
The main reasons for poverty in India are follows: (i) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration: The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts. It discouraged development of industries like textiles. The low rate of growth persisted until tRead more
The main reasons for poverty in India are follows:
(i) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration: The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts. It discouraged development of industries like textiles. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen- eighties. This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rate of incomes
(ii) High growth rate of population : The growth in population neutralises the increase in job opportunity. The failure at both- the fronts – promotion of economic growth and population control perpetuated the cycle of poverty.
(iii) The Green Revolution and industrial development in public and private sector provided job opportunities to some people but as many people could not get a proper job, they started working as rickshaw-pullers, vendors and domestic servants. These people could not earn much and started living in the slums and it led to increase in poverty in urban areas.
(iv) Unequal distribution of land and other resources also led to increase in poverty in rural areas particularly because the land reforms were not implemented properly.
(v) People spend too much money on religious ceremonies. They even take loans from the moneylenders for such expenditure that leads more poverty.
(vi) Small farmers take loans from moneylenders to busy seeds and fertilisers. Since poor people hardly have any savings they are unable to repay which leads to high level of indebtedness and poverty.
(vii) some other causes of poverty are excessive dependency on agriculture, social factors such as illiteracy, large size of family, law of and inheritance and caste system.
(i) There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about,55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993. (ii) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000. (iii) If the present trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less thRead more
(i) There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about,55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993.
(ii) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000.
(iii) If the present trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 per cent in the next few years.
(iv) Although the percentage of people living under poverty line declined in the earlier two decades
(1973-93), the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period.
(v) The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.
A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel, light, educational and medical requirement, etc' are determined for subsistence. These physical quantitiesRead more
A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption
levels. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel, light, educational and medical requirement, etc’ are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The total minimum food requirement is measured in calories which is 2,400 per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories in urban areas. The total equivalent-amount for these requirements is considered as poverty line. It may be mentioned here that the calorie requirements in rural areas is higher than the urban areas because rural people do more physical work. The monetary expenditure per capita needed for buying these calorie requirements is revised periodically taking into consideration the rise in prices. Thus poverty line in 2000, for a person was fixed at ₹328 per month for the rural areas and ₹454 for the urban areas Despite less calorie requirements, the higher amount for urban areas was due to higher prices in the urban areas. The poverty line is estimated periodically (after 5 years) by conducting sample surveys by the National Sample Survey Organisation.
(i) They were not allowed to move out of their reserves with their stocks without permit. (ii) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(i) They were not allowed to move out of their reserves with their stocks without permit.
(ii) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
The British colonial government in east Africa encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As a result of it, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
The British colonial government in east Africa encouraged local peasant communities
to expand cultivation. As a result of it, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
Give an account of interstate disparities in poverty in India.
The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Although state level poverty has witnessed a secular decline from the levels of early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. The interstate disparities are as follows: (i) In 20 states and union territRead more
The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Although state level
See lesspoverty has witnessed a secular decline from the levels of early seventies, the success rate of
reducing poverty varies from state to state. The interstate disparities are as follows:
(i) In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average.
(ii) The poverty is still a serious problem in Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh.
(iii) Orissa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent, respectively.
(iv) Along with rural poverty” urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.
The reasons for this decline are as mentioned below:
(a) Punjab and Haryana have succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high
agricultural growth rates.
(b) Kerala has focused on human resource development.
(c) In west Bengal, poverty has been reduced by land reform measures
(d) In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, public distribution of food grains has helped in the improvement of situation.
Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
The main reasons for poverty in India are follows: (i) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration: The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts. It discouraged development of industries like textiles. The low rate of growth persisted until tRead more
The main reasons for poverty in India are follows:
See less(i) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration: The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts. It discouraged development of industries like textiles. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen- eighties. This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rate of incomes
(ii) High growth rate of population : The growth in population neutralises the increase in job opportunity. The failure at both- the fronts – promotion of economic growth and population control perpetuated the cycle of poverty.
(iii) The Green Revolution and industrial development in public and private sector provided job opportunities to some people but as many people could not get a proper job, they started working as rickshaw-pullers, vendors and domestic servants. These people could not earn much and started living in the slums and it led to increase in poverty in urban areas.
(iv) Unequal distribution of land and other resources also led to increase in poverty in rural areas particularly because the land reforms were not implemented properly.
(v) People spend too much money on religious ceremonies. They even take loans from the moneylenders for such expenditure that leads more poverty.
(vi) Small farmers take loans from moneylenders to busy seeds and fertilisers. Since poor people hardly have any savings they are unable to repay which leads to high level of indebtedness and poverty.
(vii) some other causes of poverty are excessive dependency on agriculture, social factors such as illiteracy, large size of family, law of and inheritance and caste system.
Describe poverty trends in India since 1973.
(i) There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about,55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993. (ii) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000. (iii) If the present trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less thRead more
(i) There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about,55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993.
See less(ii) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000.
(iii) If the present trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 per cent in the next few years.
(iv) Although the percentage of people living under poverty line declined in the earlier two decades
(1973-93), the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period.
(v) The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.
Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.
A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel, light, educational and medical requirement, etc' are determined for subsistence. These physical quantitiesRead more
A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption
See lesslevels. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel, light, educational and medical requirement, etc’ are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The total minimum food requirement is measured in calories which is 2,400 per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories in urban areas. The total equivalent-amount for these requirements is considered as poverty line. It may be mentioned here that the calorie requirements in rural areas is higher than the urban areas because rural people do more physical work. The monetary expenditure per capita needed for buying these calorie requirements is revised periodically taking into consideration the rise in prices. Thus poverty line in 2000, for a person was fixed at ₹328 per month for the rural areas and ₹454 for the urban areas Despite less calorie requirements, the higher amount for urban areas was due to higher prices in the urban areas. The poverty line is estimated periodically (after 5 years) by conducting sample surveys by the National Sample Survey Organisation.
How do pastoralists adapt to new times? Mention one point.
They change the path of their annual movement. reduce their cattle numbers, press for rights to enter new areas.
They change the path of their annual movement. reduce their cattle numbers, press
See lessfor rights to enter new areas.
Mention any two restrictions that were imposed on the pastoral groups in Africa.
(i) They were not allowed to move out of their reserves with their stocks without permit. (ii) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(i) They were not allowed to move out of their reserves with their stocks without permit.
See less(ii) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
What was the one reason for the loss of pasturelands for the Maasaisa?
The British colonial government in east Africa encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As a result of it, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
The British colonial government in east Africa encouraged local peasant communities
See lessto expand cultivation. As a result of it, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
Name one pastoral community of Africa. Where do they live?
(a) The Maasai (b) The Maasai cattle herders live primarily in east Africa (Southern Kenya and Tanzania).
(a) The Maasai
See less(b) The Maasai cattle herders live primarily in east Africa (Southern Kenya and Tanzania).
How did the pastoralists cope with the changes that took place during the colonial period? Mention one point.
Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settled down' They gave up their nomadic life.
Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settled down’ They gave up their nomadic life.
See lessWhat was grazing tax?
Under the grazing tax pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.
Under the grazing tax pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.
See less