Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration. It is about 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute. The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human can be calculated as: Tidal volume = 6000 to 8000 mL/minute Tidal volume in an hour = 6000 to 8000 mL × (60 min) = 3.6 × 10₅ mLRead more
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration.
It is about 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human can be calculated as:
Tidal volume = 6000 to 8000 mL/minute
Tidal volume in an hour
= 6000 to 8000 mL × (60 min)
= 3.6 × 10₅ mL to 4.8 × 10₅ mL
Therefore, the hourly tidal volume for a healthy human is approximately 3.6 × 105 mL to 4.8 × 10₅ mL.
(a) IRV and ERV:- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):- It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration. 2. It is about 2500 – 3500 mL in the human lungs. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):- It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration. 2. IRead more
(a) IRV and ERV:-
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):-
It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration. 2. It is about 2500 – 3500 mL in the human lungs.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):-
It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration. 2. It is about 1000 – 1100 mL in the human lungs.
(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity:-
Inspiratory capacity (IC):-
1. It is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration.
2. It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. IC = TV + IRV
Expiratory capacity (EC):-
1. It is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal inspiration.
2. It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. EC = TV + ERV
(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity
Vital capacity (VC):-
1. It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It includes IC and ERV.
2. It is about 4000 mL in the human lungs.
Total lung capacity (TLC):-
1. It is the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration. It includes IC, ERV, and residual volume.
2. It is about 5000 – 6000 mL in the human lungs.
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO2, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below. Hypoxemic hypoxia In this condition, there is a reductionRead more
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO2, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below.
Hypoxemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a reduction in the oxygen content of blood as a result of the low partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Anaemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a reduction in the concentration of haemoglobin.
Stagnant or ischemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a deficiency in the oxygen content of blood because of poor blood circulation. It occurs when a person is exposed to cold temperature for a prolonged period of time.
Histotoxic hypoxia
In this condition, tissues are unable to use oxygen. This occurs during carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO₂, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below. For more answers visit to website: https://www.tiwariacadeRead more
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO₂, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below.
The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph showing the percentage saturation of oxyhaemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen. The curve shows the equilibrium of oxyhaemoglobin and haemoglobin at various partial pressures. In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high. Hence, haemoglobiRead more
The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph showing the percentage saturation of oxyhaemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen.
The curve shows the equilibrium of oxyhaemoglobin and haemoglobin at various partial pressures. In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high. Hence, haemoglobin binds to oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin. Tissues have a low oxygen concentration. Therefore, at the tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to form haemoglobin. The sigmoid shape of the dissociation curve is because of the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin. As the first oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin, it increases the affinity for the second molecule of oxygen to bind. Subsequently, haemoglobin attracts more oxygen.
As altitude increases, the oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases. Therefore, as a man goes uphill, he gets less oxygen with each breath. This causes the amount of oxygen in the blood to decline. The respiratory rate increases in response to the decrease in the oxygen content of blood. SimultaneouRead more
As altitude increases, the oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases. Therefore, as a man goes uphill, he gets less oxygen with each breath. This causes the amount of oxygen in the blood to decline. The respiratory rate increases in response to the decrease in the oxygen content of blood. Simultaneously, the rate of heart beat increases to increase the supply of oxygen to blood.
pCO₂ plays an important role in the transportation of oxygen. At the alveolus, the low pCO₂ and high pO₂ favours the formation of haemoglobin. At the tissues, the high pCO₂ and low pO₂ favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. Hence, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is enhanced bRead more
pCO₂ plays an important role in the transportation of oxygen. At the alveolus, the low pCO₂ and high pO₂ favours the formation of haemoglobin. At the tissues, the high pCO₂ and low pO₂ favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. Hence, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is enhanced by the decrease of pCO₂ in blood. Therefore, oxygen is transported in blood as oxyhaemoglobin and oxygen dissociates from it at the tissues.
The respiratory rhythm centre present in the medulla region of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration. The pneumotaxic centre can alter the function performed by the respiratory rhythm centre by signalling to reduce the inspiration rate. The chemosensitive region presenRead more
The respiratory rhythm centre present in the medulla region of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration. The pneumotaxic centre can alter the function performed by the respiratory rhythm centre by signalling to reduce the inspiration rate.
The chemosensitive region present near the respiratory centre is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. This region then signals to change the rate of expiration for eliminating the compounds.
The receptors present in the carotid artery and aorta detect the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in blood. As the level of carbon dioxide increases, the respiratory centre sends nerve impulses for the necessary changes.
Inspiration or inhalation is the process of bringing air from outside the body into the lungs. It is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm expands toward the abdominal cavity, thereby increasing the space in the thoRead more
Inspiration or inhalation is the process of bringing air from outside the body into the lungs. It is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm expands toward the abdominal cavity, thereby increasing the space in the thoracic cavity for accommodating the inhaled air.
The volume of the thoracic chamber in the anteroposterior axis increases with the simultaneous contraction of the external intercostal muscles. This causes the ribs and the sternum to move out, thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorsoventral axis. The overall increase in the thoracic volume leads to a similar increase in the pulmonary volume. Now, as a result of this increase, the intra-pulmonary pressure becomes lesser than the atmospheric pressure. This causes the air from outside the body to move into the lungs.
(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than that of oxygen in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pO2 is about 159 mm Hg. In alveolar air, it is about 104 mm Hg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is lesser than that of carbon diRead more
(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than that of oxygen in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pO2 is about 159 mm Hg. In alveolar air, it is about 104 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is lesser than that of carbon dioxide in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pCO2 is about 0.3 mmHg. In alveolar air, it is about 40 mm Hg.
What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration. It is about 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute. The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human can be calculated as: Tidal volume = 6000 to 8000 mL/minute Tidal volume in an hour = 6000 to 8000 mL × (60 min) = 3.6 × 10₅ mLRead more
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration.
It is about 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human can be calculated as:
Tidal volume = 6000 to 8000 mL/minute
Tidal volume in an hour
= 6000 to 8000 mL × (60 min)
= 3.6 × 10₅ mL to 4.8 × 10₅ mL
Therefore, the hourly tidal volume for a healthy human is approximately 3.6 × 105 mL to 4.8 × 10₅ mL.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
Distinguish between (a) IRV and ERV (b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity (c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity
(a) IRV and ERV:- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):- It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration. 2. It is about 2500 – 3500 mL in the human lungs. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):- It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration. 2. IRead more
(a) IRV and ERV:-
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):-
It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration. 2. It is about 2500 – 3500 mL in the human lungs.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):-
It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration. 2. It is about 1000 – 1100 mL in the human lungs.
(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity:-
Inspiratory capacity (IC):-
1. It is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration.
2. It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. IC = TV + IRV
Expiratory capacity (EC):-
1. It is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal inspiration.
2. It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. EC = TV + ERV
(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity
Vital capacity (VC):-
1. It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It includes IC and ERV.
2. It is about 4000 mL in the human lungs.
Total lung capacity (TLC):-
1. It is the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration. It includes IC, ERV, and residual volume.
2. It is about 5000 – 6000 mL in the human lungs.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO2, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below. Hypoxemic hypoxia In this condition, there is a reductionRead more
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO2, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below.
Hypoxemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a reduction in the oxygen content of blood as a result of the low partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Anaemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a reduction in the concentration of haemoglobin.
Stagnant or ischemic hypoxia
In this condition, there is a deficiency in the oxygen content of blood because of poor blood circulation. It occurs when a person is exposed to cold temperature for a prolonged period of time.
Histotoxic hypoxia
In this condition, tissues are unable to use oxygen. This occurs during carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO₂, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below. For more answers visit to website: https://www.tiwariacadeRead more
Hypoxia is a condition characterised by an inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs. It is caused by several extrinsic factors such as reduction in pO₂, inadequate oxygen, etc. The different types of hypoxia are discussed below.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?
The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph showing the percentage saturation of oxyhaemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen. The curve shows the equilibrium of oxyhaemoglobin and haemoglobin at various partial pressures. In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high. Hence, haemoglobiRead more
The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph showing the percentage saturation of oxyhaemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen.
The curve shows the equilibrium of oxyhaemoglobin and haemoglobin at various partial pressures. In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high. Hence, haemoglobin binds to oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin. Tissues have a low oxygen concentration. Therefore, at the tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to form haemoglobin. The sigmoid shape of the dissociation curve is because of the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin. As the first oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin, it increases the affinity for the second molecule of oxygen to bind. Subsequently, haemoglobin attracts more oxygen.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
What happens to the respiratory process in a man going up a hill?
As altitude increases, the oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases. Therefore, as a man goes uphill, he gets less oxygen with each breath. This causes the amount of oxygen in the blood to decline. The respiratory rate increases in response to the decrease in the oxygen content of blood. SimultaneouRead more
As altitude increases, the oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases. Therefore, as a man goes uphill, he gets less oxygen with each breath. This causes the amount of oxygen in the blood to decline. The respiratory rate increases in response to the decrease in the oxygen content of blood. Simultaneously, the rate of heart beat increases to increase the supply of oxygen to blood.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
What is the effect of pCO₂ on oxygen transport?
pCO₂ plays an important role in the transportation of oxygen. At the alveolus, the low pCO₂ and high pO₂ favours the formation of haemoglobin. At the tissues, the high pCO₂ and low pO₂ favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. Hence, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is enhanced bRead more
pCO₂ plays an important role in the transportation of oxygen. At the alveolus, the low pCO₂ and high pO₂ favours the formation of haemoglobin. At the tissues, the high pCO₂ and low pO₂ favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. Hence, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is enhanced by the decrease of pCO₂ in blood. Therefore, oxygen is transported in blood as oxyhaemoglobin and oxygen dissociates from it at the tissues.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
How is respiration regulated?
The respiratory rhythm centre present in the medulla region of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration. The pneumotaxic centre can alter the function performed by the respiratory rhythm centre by signalling to reduce the inspiration rate. The chemosensitive region presenRead more
The respiratory rhythm centre present in the medulla region of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration. The pneumotaxic centre can alter the function performed by the respiratory rhythm centre by signalling to reduce the inspiration rate.
The chemosensitive region present near the respiratory centre is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. This region then signals to change the rate of expiration for eliminating the compounds.
The receptors present in the carotid artery and aorta detect the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in blood. As the level of carbon dioxide increases, the respiratory centre sends nerve impulses for the necessary changes.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
Explain the process of inspiration under normal conditions.
Inspiration or inhalation is the process of bringing air from outside the body into the lungs. It is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm expands toward the abdominal cavity, thereby increasing the space in the thoRead more
Inspiration or inhalation is the process of bringing air from outside the body into the lungs. It is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm expands toward the abdominal cavity, thereby increasing the space in the thoracic cavity for accommodating the inhaled air.
The volume of the thoracic chamber in the anteroposterior axis increases with the simultaneous contraction of the external intercostal muscles. This causes the ribs and the sternum to move out, thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorsoventral axis. The overall increase in the thoracic volume leads to a similar increase in the pulmonary volume. Now, as a result of this increase, the intra-pulmonary pressure becomes lesser than the atmospheric pressure. This causes the air from outside the body to move into the lungs.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/
What will be the pO₂ and pCO₂ in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air?
(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than that of oxygen in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pO2 is about 159 mm Hg. In alveolar air, it is about 104 mm Hg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is lesser than that of carbon diRead more
(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than that of oxygen in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pO2 is about 159 mm Hg. In alveolar air, it is about 104 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is lesser than that of carbon dioxide in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pCO2 is about 0.3 mmHg. In alveolar air, it is about 40 mm Hg.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/biology/chapter-17/