(a) The government has taken following steps to provide food security to the poor: (i) Maintain a buffer stock of food grains, namely; wheat and rice. (ii) Public Distribution System. (iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana for “poorest of the poor". (iv) Annapurna Scheme for "indigent senior citizens". (v) TwoRead more
(a) The government has taken following steps to provide food security to the poor:
(i) Maintain a buffer stock of food grains, namely; wheat and rice.
(ii) Public Distribution System.
(iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana for “poorest of the poor”.
(iv) Annapurna Scheme for “indigent senior citizens”.
(v) Two schemes are discussed as given below:
(i) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) : AAY was launched in December 2000. Under the
scheme, one crore of the poorest among the BPL families covered undự the targeted Public Distribution System were identified. Poor families were identified by the respective state rural development departments through a Below Poverty Line (BPL) survey. Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of ₹2 per kg for wheat and ₹3 per kg for rice. This quantity has been enhanced from 25 to 35 kgs with effect from April 2002. The scheme has been further expanded twice by additional 50 lakh BPL families in June 2003 and in August 2004. With this increase, 2 crore families have been covered
under the AAY.
(ii) National Food for Work Programme : National Food for Work Programme was
launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country with the objective of intensifying the generation of supplementary wage employment. The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored scheme and the food grains are provided to States free of cost. The Collector is the nodal officer at the district level and has the overall
responsibility of planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision. For 2004- 05, 2,020 crore had been allocated for the programme in addition to 20 lakh tonnes of Food grains.
(l) Due to a natural calamity, say drought, total production of food grains decreases. (ii) it creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. (iii) Due to shortage of food, the prices go up. (iv) At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food. (v) If such calamity happens in a very widRead more
(l) Due to a natural calamity, say drought, total production of food grains decreases.
(ii) it creates a shortage of food in the affected areas.
(iii) Due to shortage of food, the prices go up.
(iv) At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food.
(v) If such calamity happens in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a longer time period, it may cause a situation of starvation which may take a turn of famine.
Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing special stamp entitled 'Wheat Revolution, in July 1968. The success of wheat was later repliRead more
Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution, in July 1968. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The Green Revolution made India self-sufficient in the following ways :
(i) Food production in Punjab and Haryana increased from 7.23 million tonnes in 194-65
to an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995-96.
(ii) A variety of crops were grown all over the country.
(iii) The availability of food grains, even in adverse weather conditions or otherwise has been further ensured by food security system. There was no need to import food grains from other countries because India had sufficient buffer stock to meet any situation.
The people more prone to food insecurity are as follows: Rural Areas : (l) Landless people with little or no land to depend upon. (ii) Traditional artisans. (iii) Providers of traditional services. (iv) Petty self-employed workers. (v) Destitutes including beggars. Urban Areas : People employed in iRead more
The people more prone to food insecurity are as follows:
Rural Areas : (l) Landless people with little or no land to depend upon.
(ii) Traditional artisans.
(iii) Providers of traditional services.
(iv) Petty self-employed workers.
(v) Destitutes including beggars.
Urban Areas : People employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour market. These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just ensure
bare survival.
(i) There is no official religion in India. our Constitution does not give a special status as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity). (ii) The constitution provides to all individual and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religiRead more
(i) There is no official religion in India. our Constitution does not give a special status as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
(ii) The constitution provides to all individual and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religion. It grants the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability. The state could also help religious communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them. Thus, in India secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons. This idea constitutes one of the foundations of our country.
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics : (a) Religion is seen as basis of nation. (b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another. (c) BeliefsRead more
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics :
(a) Religion is seen as basis of nation.
(b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
(c) Beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
(d) The demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
(e) State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Basis of communal Politics:
(a) It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
(b) It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community’ Their fundamental interests are the same.
(c) It believes that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.
(d) It believes-that people belonging religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.
(iii) Effects: The relationship between religion and politics is good as long as every religion is treated equally but if used as the basis of the nation (Northern Ireland) or on partisan (Muslim terms League before independence) it may lead to disastrous consequences.
(iv) Conclusion: The belief of communal ism has some flaws because people of one religion do not have the same interests and aspirations in every context. For example, before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslims League. It implies that there are many voices within a community which should not be suppressed.
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differencRead more
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differences about the way people practice that religion as happened in the case of Northern Ireland. The religious difference are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways :
(i) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities’
(ii) Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women’
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics:
(i) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women's problems. Unless women have adequate represeRead more
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women’s problems. Unless women have adequate representation, their problems cannot be solved.
(ii) Inadequate representation : In India at present the representation of women as elected representatives in the legislatures is very low. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been less than 10 per cent and. 5 percent respectively. The percentage of women in our national parliament is 8.3 against the 40 in the Nordic countries and the world average of 16.8. In view of the above, there is need for more representation of women as elected representatives. In this way women will be empowered and other problems will get adequate attention.
(b) Representation can be increased by reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. One-third of seats in Panchayats and municipalities have been reserved for women. A bill proposing similar reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been pending before the Parliament for the last one decade but it could not be passed due to lack of consensus among the political parties.
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men. (b) Their objectives are as mentioned below: (i) Extension of voting rights to women. (ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women. (iii) Improve their educational and career opporRead more
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men.
(b) Their objectives are as mentioned below:
(i) Extension of voting rights to women.
(ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women.
(iii) Improve their educational and career opportunities.
(iv) Equality in personal and family life.
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division' Generally' it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes. (ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is houRead more
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division’ Generally’ it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
(ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children. Men do the work outside the home’ they do house works such as cooking in hotels if they are paid for these works’ on the other hand’ women do some sort of paid work such as domestic helper in middle class homes or in offices in urban areas in addition to their domestic work.
(iii) Results: The results of this gender division of labour are as given below :
(a) The role of women in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
(b) There were agitations or feminist movements that have enhanced the political and legal status of women. Now there is improvement in their educational and career opportunities. They are now working as scientists, doctors, engineers, managers and college and university teachers. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland. the participation of women in public life is very high.
What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government.
(a) The government has taken following steps to provide food security to the poor: (i) Maintain a buffer stock of food grains, namely; wheat and rice. (ii) Public Distribution System. (iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana for “poorest of the poor". (iv) Annapurna Scheme for "indigent senior citizens". (v) TwoRead more
(a) The government has taken following steps to provide food security to the poor:
See less(i) Maintain a buffer stock of food grains, namely; wheat and rice.
(ii) Public Distribution System.
(iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana for “poorest of the poor”.
(iv) Annapurna Scheme for “indigent senior citizens”.
(v) Two schemes are discussed as given below:
(i) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) : AAY was launched in December 2000. Under the
scheme, one crore of the poorest among the BPL families covered undự the targeted Public Distribution System were identified. Poor families were identified by the respective state rural development departments through a Below Poverty Line (BPL) survey. Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of ₹2 per kg for wheat and ₹3 per kg for rice. This quantity has been enhanced from 25 to 35 kgs with effect from April 2002. The scheme has been further expanded twice by additional 50 lakh BPL families in June 2003 and in August 2004. With this increase, 2 crore families have been covered
under the AAY.
(ii) National Food for Work Programme : National Food for Work Programme was
launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country with the objective of intensifying the generation of supplementary wage employment. The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored scheme and the food grains are provided to States free of cost. The Collector is the nodal officer at the district level and has the overall
responsibility of planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision. For 2004- 05, 2,020 crore had been allocated for the programme in addition to 20 lakh tonnes of Food grains.
What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?
(l) Due to a natural calamity, say drought, total production of food grains decreases. (ii) it creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. (iii) Due to shortage of food, the prices go up. (iv) At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food. (v) If such calamity happens in a very widRead more
(l) Due to a natural calamity, say drought, total production of food grains decreases.
See less(ii) it creates a shortage of food in the affected areas.
(iii) Due to shortage of food, the prices go up.
(iv) At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food.
(v) If such calamity happens in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a longer time period, it may cause a situation of starvation which may take a turn of famine.
Do you believe that Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?
Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing special stamp entitled 'Wheat Revolution, in July 1968. The success of wheat was later repliRead more
Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution, in July 1968. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The Green Revolution made India self-sufficient in the following ways :
See less(i) Food production in Punjab and Haryana increased from 7.23 million tonnes in 194-65
to an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995-96.
(ii) A variety of crops were grown all over the country.
(iii) The availability of food grains, even in adverse weather conditions or otherwise has been further ensured by food security system. There was no need to import food grains from other countries because India had sufficient buffer stock to meet any situation.
Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
The people more prone to food insecurity are as follows: Rural Areas : (l) Landless people with little or no land to depend upon. (ii) Traditional artisans. (iii) Providers of traditional services. (iv) Petty self-employed workers. (v) Destitutes including beggars. Urban Areas : People employed in iRead more
The people more prone to food insecurity are as follows:
See lessRural Areas : (l) Landless people with little or no land to depend upon.
(ii) Traditional artisans.
(iii) Providers of traditional services.
(iv) Petty self-employed workers.
(v) Destitutes including beggars.
Urban Areas : People employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour market. These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just ensure
bare survival.
Mention any three constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
(i) There is no official religion in India. our Constitution does not give a special status as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity). (ii) The constitution provides to all individual and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religiRead more
(i) There is no official religion in India. our Constitution does not give a special status as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
See less(ii) The constitution provides to all individual and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religion. It grants the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability. The state could also help religious communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them. Thus, in India secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons. This idea constitutes one of the foundations of our country.
What is communal politics ? What is the basis of communal politics? What are its effects.
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics : (a) Religion is seen as basis of nation. (b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another. (c) BeliefsRead more
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics :
See less(a) Religion is seen as basis of nation.
(b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
(c) Beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
(d) The demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
(e) State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Basis of communal Politics:
(a) It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
(b) It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community’ Their fundamental interests are the same.
(c) It believes that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.
(d) It believes-that people belonging religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.
(iii) Effects: The relationship between religion and politics is good as long as every religion is treated equally but if used as the basis of the nation (Northern Ireland) or on partisan (Muslim terms League before independence) it may lead to disastrous consequences.
(iv) Conclusion: The belief of communal ism has some flaws because people of one religion do not have the same interests and aspirations in every context. For example, before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslims League. It implies that there are many voices within a community which should not be suppressed.
What is the main cause of social division based on religious difference ? Explain the various ways in which the religious differences are expressed in the field of politics. What are their effects?
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differencRead more
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differences about the way people practice that religion as happened in the case of Northern Ireland. The religious difference are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways :
See less(i) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities’
(ii) Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women’
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics:
(i) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
Why the empowerment of women is necessary? What are the ways to empower them?
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women's problems. Unless women have adequate represeRead more
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women’s problems. Unless women have adequate representation, their problems cannot be solved.
See less(ii) Inadequate representation : In India at present the representation of women as elected representatives in the legislatures is very low. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been less than 10 per cent and. 5 percent respectively. The percentage of women in our national parliament is 8.3 against the 40 in the Nordic countries and the world average of 16.8. In view of the above, there is need for more representation of women as elected representatives. In this way women will be empowered and other problems will get adequate attention.
(b) Representation can be increased by reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. One-third of seats in Panchayats and municipalities have been reserved for women. A bill proposing similar reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been pending before the Parliament for the last one decade but it could not be passed due to lack of consensus among the political parties.
Define feminist movements. Write their objectives.
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men. (b) Their objectives are as mentioned below: (i) Extension of voting rights to women. (ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women. (iii) Improve their educational and career opporRead more
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men.
See less(b) Their objectives are as mentioned below:
(i) Extension of voting rights to women.
(ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women.
(iii) Improve their educational and career opportunities.
(iv) Equality in personal and family life.
Write a short note on gender division or sexual division of labour.
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division' Generally' it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes. (ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is houRead more
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division’ Generally’ it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
See less(ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children. Men do the work outside the home’ they do house works such as cooking in hotels if they are paid for these works’ on the other hand’ women do some sort of paid work such as domestic helper in middle class homes or in offices in urban areas in addition to their domestic work.
(iii) Results: The results of this gender division of labour are as given below :
(a) The role of women in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
(b) There were agitations or feminist movements that have enhanced the political and legal status of women. Now there is improvement in their educational and career opportunities. They are now working as scientists, doctors, engineers, managers and college and university teachers. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland. the participation of women in public life is very high.