(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics : (a) Religion is seen as basis of nation. (b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another. (c) BeliefsRead more
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics :
(a) Religion is seen as basis of nation.
(b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
(c) Beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
(d) The demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
(e) State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Basis of communal Politics:
(a) It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
(b) It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community’ Their fundamental interests are the same.
(c) It believes that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.
(d) It believes-that people belonging religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.
(iii) Effects: The relationship between religion and politics is good as long as every religion is treated equally but if used as the basis of the nation (Northern Ireland) or on partisan (Muslim terms League before independence) it may lead to disastrous consequences.
(iv) Conclusion: The belief of communal ism has some flaws because people of one religion do not have the same interests and aspirations in every context. For example, before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslims League. It implies that there are many voices within a community which should not be suppressed.
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differencRead more
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differences about the way people practice that religion as happened in the case of Northern Ireland. The religious difference are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways :
(i) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities’
(ii) Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women’
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics:
(i) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women's problems. Unless women have adequate represeRead more
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women’s problems. Unless women have adequate representation, their problems cannot be solved.
(ii) Inadequate representation : In India at present the representation of women as elected representatives in the legislatures is very low. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been less than 10 per cent and. 5 percent respectively. The percentage of women in our national parliament is 8.3 against the 40 in the Nordic countries and the world average of 16.8. In view of the above, there is need for more representation of women as elected representatives. In this way women will be empowered and other problems will get adequate attention.
(b) Representation can be increased by reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. One-third of seats in Panchayats and municipalities have been reserved for women. A bill proposing similar reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been pending before the Parliament for the last one decade but it could not be passed due to lack of consensus among the political parties.
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men. (b) Their objectives are as mentioned below: (i) Extension of voting rights to women. (ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women. (iii) Improve their educational and career opporRead more
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men.
(b) Their objectives are as mentioned below:
(i) Extension of voting rights to women.
(ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women.
(iii) Improve their educational and career opportunities.
(iv) Equality in personal and family life.
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division' Generally' it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes. (ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is houRead more
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division’ Generally’ it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
(ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children. Men do the work outside the home’ they do house works such as cooking in hotels if they are paid for these works’ on the other hand’ women do some sort of paid work such as domestic helper in middle class homes or in offices in urban areas in addition to their domestic work.
(iii) Results: The results of this gender division of labour are as given below :
(a) The role of women in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
(b) There were agitations or feminist movements that have enhanced the political and legal status of women. Now there is improvement in their educational and career opportunities. They are now working as scientists, doctors, engineers, managers and college and university teachers. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland. the participation of women in public life is very high.
Getting a job in the mills was difficult due to the following reasons: (l) The number of job seekers was more than the jobs available. (ii) Moreover the industrialists usually appointed a jobber to get new recruits. The jobber generally got people from his village, and ensured them jobs. Thus, onlyRead more
Getting a job in the mills was difficult due to the following reasons:
(l) The number of job seekers was more than the jobs available.
(ii) Moreover the industrialists usually appointed a jobber to get new recruits. The jobber generally got people from his village, and ensured them jobs. Thus, only those who belonged to the village of the jobber got the jobs easily
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,456,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below: (l) In most industrial regions the workers came from the distrRead more
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,456,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below:
(l) In most industrial regions the workers came from the districts around because peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. For example in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911, over 50 per cent workers came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
(ii) Sometimes, worker’s carne from distant places in search of work in the mills. For example, many workers from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
(a) Effects: (i) The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods. (ii) The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British. (iii) Gradually, shipping business was cRead more
(a) Effects: (i) The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
(ii) The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British.
(iii) Gradually, shipping business was controlled by the European companies and Indian marchants were edged out of this business.
(b) Till the First World War, the condition of Indian industries had become as mentioned below:
(l) A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing Agencies.
(ii) These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.
(iii) In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions.
(iv) The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.
The achievements of early entrepreneurs in India were as follows: (l) During opium trade with China, many Indians provided finance, procured supplies and got shipping consignments. For example in Bengal, Dwarka Nath Tagore made his fortune and set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.Read more
The achievements of early entrepreneurs in India were as follows:
(l) During opium trade with China, many Indians provided finance, procured supplies and got shipping consignments. For example in Bengal, Dwarka Nath Tagore made his fortune and set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(ii) In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to china and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(iii) Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in calcutta in 1917. He traded with China.
(iv) The father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla also traded with China.
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet the textile exports declined from 33 per cent of Indian exports in 1811-12 to 3 per cent in 1850-51. The reasons for this declinRead more
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet the textile exports declined from 33 per cent of Indian exports in 1811-12 to 3 per cent in 1850-51.
The reasons for this decline were as given below:
(l) Import duties on Indian textiles in Britain: After the development of cotton industries, the government imposed import duties on cotton textile to protect the interest of the industrialists who could sell their goods without any competition from outside.
(ii) Sale of British goods: East India Company started selling British goods in the Indian market.
(iii) Cheap and durable goods from Manchester: the British increased the exports of British goods. Indian weavers could not compete with cheap, durable and showy goods from Manchester. This led to the decline of taxtile exports from India in the later half of the nineteenth century.
(iv) Scarcity of good raw cotton: There was a great scarcity of good quality of raw cotton as these were exported to England. This affected the Indian textiles because weavers could not get supplies and sometimes, they were forced to buy at high prices.
What is communal politics ? What is the basis of communal politics? What are its effects.
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics : (a) Religion is seen as basis of nation. (b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another. (c) BeliefsRead more
(i) What is communal politics ? The use of religion in politics in the following manner is called communal politics :
See less(a) Religion is seen as basis of nation.
(b) Religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
(c) Beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
(d) The demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
(e) State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Basis of communal Politics:
(a) It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
(b) It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community’ Their fundamental interests are the same.
(c) It believes that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.
(d) It believes-that people belonging religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.
(iii) Effects: The relationship between religion and politics is good as long as every religion is treated equally but if used as the basis of the nation (Northern Ireland) or on partisan (Muslim terms League before independence) it may lead to disastrous consequences.
(iv) Conclusion: The belief of communal ism has some flaws because people of one religion do not have the same interests and aspirations in every context. For example, before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslims League. It implies that there are many voices within a community which should not be suppressed.
What is the main cause of social division based on religious difference ? Explain the various ways in which the religious differences are expressed in the field of politics. What are their effects?
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differencRead more
(a) The main cause of social division based on religious differences is the widespread religious diversity in the world. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Even when most of the people belong to the same religion, there can be serious differences about the way people practice that religion as happened in the case of Northern Ireland. The religious difference are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways :
See less(i) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities’
(ii) Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women’
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics:
(i) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
Why the empowerment of women is necessary? What are the ways to empower them?
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women's problems. Unless women have adequate represeRead more
(a) (i) Necessity in a democracy : In a democracy, decisions are taken by the elected representatives. The number of women in the elected bodies is very low in comparison to men who still dominate these bodies. Men do not pay adequate attention to women’s problems. Unless women have adequate representation, their problems cannot be solved.
See less(ii) Inadequate representation : In India at present the representation of women as elected representatives in the legislatures is very low. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been less than 10 per cent and. 5 percent respectively. The percentage of women in our national parliament is 8.3 against the 40 in the Nordic countries and the world average of 16.8. In view of the above, there is need for more representation of women as elected representatives. In this way women will be empowered and other problems will get adequate attention.
(b) Representation can be increased by reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. One-third of seats in Panchayats and municipalities have been reserved for women. A bill proposing similar reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies has been pending before the Parliament for the last one decade but it could not be passed due to lack of consensus among the political parties.
Define feminist movements. Write their objectives.
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men. (b) Their objectives are as mentioned below: (i) Extension of voting rights to women. (ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women. (iii) Improve their educational and career opporRead more
(a) Feminist movements are those movements which believe in equal rights and Opportunities for women and men.
See less(b) Their objectives are as mentioned below:
(i) Extension of voting rights to women.
(ii) Enhancing the political and legal status of women.
(iii) Improve their educational and career opportunities.
(iv) Equality in personal and family life.
Write a short note on gender division or sexual division of labour.
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division' Generally' it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes. (ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is houRead more
(i) Gender division: It is a form of hierarchical social division’ Generally’ it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
See less(ii) Division in practice: There is a common belief that the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children. Men do the work outside the home’ they do house works such as cooking in hotels if they are paid for these works’ on the other hand’ women do some sort of paid work such as domestic helper in middle class homes or in offices in urban areas in addition to their domestic work.
(iii) Results: The results of this gender division of labour are as given below :
(a) The role of women in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
(b) There were agitations or feminist movements that have enhanced the political and legal status of women. Now there is improvement in their educational and career opportunities. They are now working as scientists, doctors, engineers, managers and college and university teachers. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland. the participation of women in public life is very high.
Why getting a job in the mills was difficult?
Getting a job in the mills was difficult due to the following reasons: (l) The number of job seekers was more than the jobs available. (ii) Moreover the industrialists usually appointed a jobber to get new recruits. The jobber generally got people from his village, and ensured them jobs. Thus, onlyRead more
Getting a job in the mills was difficult due to the following reasons:
See less(l) The number of job seekers was more than the jobs available.
(ii) Moreover the industrialists usually appointed a jobber to get new recruits. The jobber generally got people from his village, and ensured them jobs. Thus, only those who belonged to the village of the jobber got the jobs easily
Where did the workers come from to work in factories in India?
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,456,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below: (l) In most industrial regions the workers came from the distrRead more
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,456,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below:
See less(l) In most industrial regions the workers came from the districts around because peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. For example in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911, over 50 per cent workers came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
(ii) Sometimes, worker’s carne from distant places in search of work in the mills. For example, many workers from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Mention three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century.
(a) Effects: (i) The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods. (ii) The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British. (iii) Gradually, shipping business was cRead more
(a) Effects: (i) The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
See less(ii) The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British.
(iii) Gradually, shipping business was controlled by the European companies and Indian marchants were edged out of this business.
(b) Till the First World War, the condition of Indian industries had become as mentioned below:
(l) A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing Agencies.
(ii) These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.
(iii) In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions.
(iv) The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.
Mention the names of three Indian enterprepreneurs and their individual contribution during the 19th century.
The achievements of early entrepreneurs in India were as follows: (l) During opium trade with China, many Indians provided finance, procured supplies and got shipping consignments. For example in Bengal, Dwarka Nath Tagore made his fortune and set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.Read more
The achievements of early entrepreneurs in India were as follows:
See less(l) During opium trade with China, many Indians provided finance, procured supplies and got shipping consignments. For example in Bengal, Dwarka Nath Tagore made his fortune and set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(ii) In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to china and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(iii) Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in calcutta in 1917. He traded with China.
(iv) The father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla also traded with China.
After industrial development in England what steps did the British govt. take to prevent competition with the Indian textiles.
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet the textile exports declined from 33 per cent of Indian exports in 1811-12 to 3 per cent in 1850-51. The reasons for this declinRead more
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet the textile exports declined from 33 per cent of Indian exports in 1811-12 to 3 per cent in 1850-51.
See lessThe reasons for this decline were as given below:
(l) Import duties on Indian textiles in Britain: After the development of cotton industries, the government imposed import duties on cotton textile to protect the interest of the industrialists who could sell their goods without any competition from outside.
(ii) Sale of British goods: East India Company started selling British goods in the Indian market.
(iii) Cheap and durable goods from Manchester: the British increased the exports of British goods. Indian weavers could not compete with cheap, durable and showy goods from Manchester. This led to the decline of taxtile exports from India in the later half of the nineteenth century.
(iv) Scarcity of good raw cotton: There was a great scarcity of good quality of raw cotton as these were exported to England. This affected the Indian textiles because weavers could not get supplies and sometimes, they were forced to buy at high prices.