Alcohols react with hydrogen halides to form alkyl halides. The Lucas test, using Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and ZnCl₂), distinguishes between alcohol classes based on the time taken for turbidity to appear; tertiary alcohols show immediate turbidity, while primary alcohols ...

Aryl halides exhibit lower reactivity in nucleophilic substitution due to the resonance effect, which imparts partial double bond character to the C—X bond, making bond cleavage more challenging compared to haloalkanes.

Chloroform was once used as a general anesthetic in surgery, but it has been replaced by safer alternatives like ether due to its potential to depress the central nervous system and cause health issues upon inhalation.

Chloroform is utilized as a solvent for fats, alkaloids, iodine, and other substances. Its major contemporary application is in the production of the freon refrigerant R-22.