The low value for Sc reflects the stability of Sc³⁺, which possesses a noble gas configuration, highlighting the preference for achieving noble gas stability in its oxidation states.
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The highest value for Zn is attributed to the removal of an electron from the stable d¹⁰ configuration of Zn²⁺, emphasizing the significance of achieving a fully filled d orbital for stability.
The comparatively high value for Mn signifies the stability of Mn²⁺(d⁵), while the comparatively low value for Fe highlights the extra stability associated with Fe³⁺(d⁵), showcasing the influence of electron configurations on oxidation state stability.
Cr and Cu show high second ionization enthalpies due to the removal of electrons from d orbitals, resulting in d⁵ and d¹⁰ configurations in M²⁺ ions, influencing their stability.
The lanthanoid contraction leads to the second (4d) and third (5d) d series having similar radii and very similar physical and chemical properties, which is unexpected based on the usual family relationship. This phenomenon results in elements like Zr and ...