The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence (1775 to 1783) and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. The impact of westward expaRead more
The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence (1775 to 1783) and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. The impact of westward expansion were as follows:
The settlers slashed and burnt forests, pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation, and built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas, and erected fences around the fields’ They ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat.
In the early years, the fertile soil produced good crops. when the soil became impoverished and exhausted in one place, the migrants would move further west, to explore new lands and raise a new crop. After the 1860s, the settlers swept into the Great Plains across the River Mississippi. Thereafter, this region became a major wheat-producing area of America’
(a) causes: The government wanted to preserve forests for timber production. So there was need to restrict the felling of trees and grazing. (b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: (l) These acts divided forest into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were tRead more
(a) causes: The government wanted to preserve forests for timber production. So there was need to restrict the felling of trees and grazing.
(b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: (l) These acts divided forest into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were the ‘reserved forests’ Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests.
(ii) In the protected forests, some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
(iii) These Forest Acts changed the lives of pastoralists:
1. They were prevented from entering many forests. Their movements Were regulated.
2. They needed a permit for entry. The permit specified the periods in which they could be legally within a forest. If they overstayed they were liable to fines.
3. As there was shortage of grazing lands a large number of animals died.
4. It also affected the health of the animals.
5. Pastoralists were compelled to change their places and occupations.
(l) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati windsRead more
(l) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati winds across Bastar east to west.
(ii) Bastar’s communities : A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages.
(iii) Customs and beliefs in Baster:
(a) They share common customs and beliefs.
(b) They believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return. they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(c) They show-respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(iv) System of administration of villages in Bastar:
(a) The local people rook after all the natural resources of the village.
(b) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay small fee called devsari. dand or man in exchange. some villages protect their forests by engaging watchman and each household contributes sorme grain to pay them.
(c) Every year there is a big hunt where the headmen of the villages in a pargana meet and discuss issues of concern including forests.
(a)The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows: (i) Growth in urban Population' (ii) Bigger export market. (iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat. (iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export. (v) world war I andRead more
(a)The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows:
(i) Growth in urban Population’
(ii) Bigger export market.
(iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat.
(iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export.
(v) world war I and higher demand with boom in the market.
(vi) Russian supplies of what were cut off and USA had to feed Europe. US president wilson called upon farmers to respond to the need of the time. “plant win the more wheat, wheat will War”, he said.
(b) Effects: The area under wheat cultivation increased from 45 million acres of land in 1910 to 74 million acres nine years later. The increase was particularly in the Great Plains where some big farmers or wheat barons controlled as much as 2,000 to 3,000 acres of- land individually.
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands due to the following reasons: (i) In 1885. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. (ii) The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement' The Maasai lost about 60 per cRead more
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands due to the following reasons:
(i) In 1885. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika.
(ii) The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement’ The Maasai lost about 60 per cent of their pre-colonial lands.
(iii) They were confined to an arid-zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures’
(iv) The British colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields’
(v) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania which was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land. Pastoralists were allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas.
Explain the impact of the westward expansion of the white settlers in the USA.
The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence (1775 to 1783) and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. The impact of westward expaRead more
The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence (1775 to 1783) and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. The impact of westward expansion were as follows:
See lessThe settlers slashed and burnt forests, pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation, and built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas, and erected fences around the fields’ They ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat.
In the early years, the fertile soil produced good crops. when the soil became impoverished and exhausted in one place, the migrants would move further west, to explore new lands and raise a new crop. After the 1860s, the settlers swept into the Great Plains across the River Mississippi. Thereafter, this region became a major wheat-producing area of America’
How was the life of pastoralists affected by Forest Acts? Explain.
(a) causes: The government wanted to preserve forests for timber production. So there was need to restrict the felling of trees and grazing. (b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: (l) These acts divided forest into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were tRead more
(a) causes: The government wanted to preserve forests for timber production. So there was need to restrict the felling of trees and grazing.
See less(b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: (l) These acts divided forest into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were the ‘reserved forests’ Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests.
(ii) In the protected forests, some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
(iii) These Forest Acts changed the lives of pastoralists:
1. They were prevented from entering many forests. Their movements Were regulated.
2. They needed a permit for entry. The permit specified the periods in which they could be legally within a forest. If they overstayed they were liable to fines.
3. As there was shortage of grazing lands a large number of animals died.
4. It also affected the health of the animals.
5. Pastoralists were compelled to change their places and occupations.
How did the people of Bastar live before 1905? Explain their beliefs and traditions.
(l) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati windsRead more
(l) Location of Bastar: Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is on a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain. The river Indrawati winds across Bastar east to west.
See less(ii) Bastar’s communities : A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages.
(iii) Customs and beliefs in Baster:
(a) They share common customs and beliefs.
(b) They believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return. they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(c) They show-respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(iv) System of administration of villages in Bastar:
(a) The local people rook after all the natural resources of the village.
(b) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay small fee called devsari. dand or man in exchange. some villages protect their forests by engaging watchman and each household contributes sorme grain to pay them.
(c) Every year there is a big hunt where the headmen of the villages in a pargana meet and discuss issues of concern including forests.
State any five reasons for the dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA.
(a)The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows: (i) Growth in urban Population' (ii) Bigger export market. (iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat. (iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export. (v) world war I andRead more
(a)The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows:
See less(i) Growth in urban Population’
(ii) Bigger export market.
(iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat.
(iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export.
(v) world war I and higher demand with boom in the market.
(vi) Russian supplies of what were cut off and USA had to feed Europe. US president wilson called upon farmers to respond to the need of the time. “plant win the more wheat, wheat will War”, he said.
(b) Effects: The area under wheat cultivation increased from 45 million acres of land in 1910 to 74 million acres nine years later. The increase was particularly in the Great Plains where some big farmers or wheat barons controlled as much as 2,000 to 3,000 acres of- land individually.
How did the Massais lost their grazing lands? Explain any five reasons.
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands due to the following reasons: (i) In 1885. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. (ii) The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement' The Maasai lost about 60 per cRead more
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands due to the following reasons:
See less(i) In 1885. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika.
(ii) The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement’ The Maasai lost about 60 per cent of their pre-colonial lands.
(iii) They were confined to an arid-zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures’
(iv) The British colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields’
(v) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania which was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land. Pastoralists were allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas.