The single cell of unicellular organism such as Amoeba perform both vital life activities (e.g., respiration, metabolism, repair, assimilation) and organismic level activities (e.g., intake of food, exchange of respiratory gases, excretion, reproduction).
The single cell of unicellular organism such as Amoeba perform both vital life activities (e.g., respiration, metabolism, repair, assimilation) and organismic level activities (e.g., intake of food, exchange of respiratory gases, excretion, reproduction).
Constitution provides for division of powers between centre and the states. In reality, however, much depends on the ruling parties at the centre and the states. There have been different situations in centre-state relations as given below: (l) In the beginning, the Central Government and the StateRead more
Constitution provides for division of powers between centre and the states. In reality, however, much depends on the ruling parties at the centre and the states. There have been different situations in centre-state relations as given below:
(l) In the beginning, the Central Government and the State Governments were controlled by one political party i.e., Congress. The Central Government dominated over the State government.
(ii) After 1967 when some opposition or different political parties came to power in the
States, the relations between centre and the states changed. The Central Government misused the powers under Article 356 of the Constitution and dismissed the governments led by the rival parties. This was against the spirit of federalism.
(iii) After 1990, coalition government was formed at the centre. Regional parties became powerful in the states. Since no single party was able to secure majority, different parties formed alliance such as NDA and UPA. Under such arrangement, culture of power sharing and respect for autonomy of state governments spread in India. The Supreme Court too made it difficult for the Central Government to dismiss the State Governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, federal structure has been strengthened by the coming of coalition governments and Centre-State relations in the present situation.
(a) Linguistic diversity of India is as mentioned below: (l) The Census of India (1991) recorded 1500 distinct languages. (ii) After grouping there were 114 major languages. (iii) Only 22 languages have been included in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution. These are called 'Scheduled LanguagRead more
(a) Linguistic diversity of India is as mentioned below:
(l) The Census of India (1991) recorded 1500 distinct languages.
(ii) After grouping there were 114 major languages.
(iii) Only 22 languages have been included in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution. These are called ‘Scheduled Languages’. Others are called ‘non-scheduled’ languages. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government services may opt to take the examination in any of the Scheduled languages.
(iv) States too have their official languages. The government work generally takes place in the official language of the concerned state.
(v) Hindi, is mother-tongue of only about 40 per cent Indians and English of 0.02 per cent Indians.
(b) Language Policy: The Constitution of India did not give the status of national language to any one language. According to constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965’ However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded to continue the use of English, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The leaders adopted a cautious approach to avoid a Sri Lanka type situation. It was, therefore, decided that English would continue along with Hindi for official purposes. Official Language Act provides that English would remain the official language of the country so long as non-Hindi speaking States desire. Thus, this approach has helped in avoiding confrontation with non-Hindi speaking southern states particularly Tamil Nadu. It has also strengthened the spirit of federalism.
The success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in the country. This has ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal for alt" This has happened in various ways such as creation of linguistRead more
The success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in the country. This has ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal for alt” This has happened in various ways such as creation of linguistic states as mentioned below:
(i) Position at the time of independence: At the time of independence in 1947, there were different states having more than one language culture.
(ii) State Reorganisation Commission (1956) : Under State Reorganisation commission in 1956, the states were created on the basis of language. Many states vanished and new States came into existence.
(iii) Creation of Haryana and other states: Even after the state Reorganisation commission, the demand for creation of new states continued. In 1966, Haryana was created out of the State of Punjab. Some States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created to recognise the cultural and ethnic differences. Although there have been some opposition to the creation of states on the basis of language but experience has poved that the country has become more united’ It has also made administration easier. Our federation is an example of ‘holding together’ federation. Under this the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together has become a shared ideal. The creation of states on the basis of language is a proof of this and it has strengthened the spirit of federalism in India.
The Constitution of India does not grant equal powers to all States. Some States enjoy special status as given below: (l) Jammu and Kashmir: Under Article 370, the concurrence of the state is required for making laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists. Jammu and Kashmir has its oRead more
The Constitution of India does not grant equal powers to all States. Some States enjoy special status as given below:
(l) Jammu and Kashmir: Under Article 370, the concurrence of the state is required for making laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Again Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house there. Amendments to the Indian Constitution under Article 868 cannot apply without the concurrence of the J and K government.
(ii) North-Eastern and smaller States have been given more representation in the Rajya Sabha.
(lll) North-Eastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have a sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture which can be retained under Article 371.
(iv) There are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with any of the existing States. Such areas are like Chandigarh or Lakshadweep or the Capital city of Delhi. These are known as Union Territories and are run by the Central Government.
It is correct to state that the exact balance of power between the central and state governments varies from one federation to another due to the following factors: (l) The balance depends on the historical context in which the federation was formed. For example there is too much diversity in India.Read more
It is correct to state that the exact balance of power between the central and state governments varies from one federation to another due to the following factors:
(l) The balance depends on the historical context in which the federation was formed. For example there is too much diversity in India. So to keep it united, it was necessary to make the central government more powerful under ‘holding together’ federation.
(ii) The balance of power depends on the route through which federations have been formed. Under ‘coming together’ federation, member states have equal powers vis-a-vis thefederal government whereas under ‘holding together’ the centre is powerful than the states.
(iii) Under ‘coming together’ small states join hands to form a bigger unit such as USA, Australia and Switzerland.
(iv) Under ‘holding together’ large countries form federation and decide to divide its power between constituent states and the national government as in India.
(a) Power has been distributed between the Centre and the States as given below: (i) Union List: It contains subjects of national importance such as defence, currency and foreign affairs. Only Union Government can make laws on the subjects of Union List. (ii) State List: It contains subjects of locaRead more
(a) Power has been distributed between the Centre and the States as given below:
(i) Union List: It contains subjects of national importance such as defence, currency and foreign affairs. Only Union Government can make laws on the subjects of Union List.
(ii) State List: It contains subjects of local importance such as police and agriculture. The State Governments make laws on these subjects.
(iii) Concurrent List: The subjects like education, forest, marriage have been included in this list. Both the governments i.e., Central as well as State Governments – can make laws on these subjects. In case of conflict between two laws, the law made by the Central Government will prevail.
(iv) Residuary Subjects: The power relating to subjects which have not been included in either of the lists have been given to the Central Government i.e., computer software.
(b) From above it is clear that more powers have been given to the Central Government. The subjects of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, currency, have been included in the Union List. In the Concurrent List too, if the laws made by the Centre and the States conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government prevails. Residuary powers have been vested with the central government which has made it more powerful than the states.
What contribute more to the difference in organ system design of plants and animals?
Active movement (e.g., locomotion) in animals and sedentary habit of plants.
Active movement (e.g., locomotion) in animals and sedentary habit of plants.
See lessWhat is division of labour?
Division of labour is adaptation of different parts of an organism to carry out different funtions.
Division of labour is adaptation of different parts of an organism to carry out different funtions.
See lessWhat types of functions does the single cell of unicellular organism such as Amoeba perform?
The single cell of unicellular organism such as Amoeba perform both vital life activities (e.g., respiration, metabolism, repair, assimilation) and organismic level activities (e.g., intake of food, exchange of respiratory gases, excretion, reproduction).
The single cell of unicellular organism such as Amoeba perform both vital life activities (e.g., respiration, metabolism, repair, assimilation) and organismic level activities (e.g., intake of food, exchange of respiratory gases, excretion, reproduction).
See lessDescribe how the centre-state relations have strengthened the spirit of federalism in India.
Constitution provides for division of powers between centre and the states. In reality, however, much depends on the ruling parties at the centre and the states. There have been different situations in centre-state relations as given below: (l) In the beginning, the Central Government and the StateRead more
Constitution provides for division of powers between centre and the states. In reality, however, much depends on the ruling parties at the centre and the states. There have been different situations in centre-state relations as given below:
See less(l) In the beginning, the Central Government and the State Governments were controlled by one political party i.e., Congress. The Central Government dominated over the State government.
(ii) After 1967 when some opposition or different political parties came to power in the
States, the relations between centre and the states changed. The Central Government misused the powers under Article 356 of the Constitution and dismissed the governments led by the rival parties. This was against the spirit of federalism.
(iii) After 1990, coalition government was formed at the centre. Regional parties became powerful in the states. Since no single party was able to secure majority, different parties formed alliance such as NDA and UPA. Under such arrangement, culture of power sharing and respect for autonomy of state governments spread in India. The Supreme Court too made it difficult for the Central Government to dismiss the State Governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, federal structure has been strengthened by the coming of coalition governments and Centre-State relations in the present situation.
Write any four characteristics of language policy of India.
(a) Linguistic diversity of India is as mentioned below: (l) The Census of India (1991) recorded 1500 distinct languages. (ii) After grouping there were 114 major languages. (iii) Only 22 languages have been included in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution. These are called 'Scheduled LanguagRead more
(a) Linguistic diversity of India is as mentioned below:
See less(l) The Census of India (1991) recorded 1500 distinct languages.
(ii) After grouping there were 114 major languages.
(iii) Only 22 languages have been included in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution. These are called ‘Scheduled Languages’. Others are called ‘non-scheduled’ languages. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government services may opt to take the examination in any of the Scheduled languages.
(iv) States too have their official languages. The government work generally takes place in the official language of the concerned state.
(v) Hindi, is mother-tongue of only about 40 per cent Indians and English of 0.02 per cent Indians.
(b) Language Policy: The Constitution of India did not give the status of national language to any one language. According to constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965’ However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded to continue the use of English, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The leaders adopted a cautious approach to avoid a Sri Lanka type situation. It was, therefore, decided that English would continue along with Hindi for official purposes. Official Language Act provides that English would remain the official language of the country so long as non-Hindi speaking States desire. Thus, this approach has helped in avoiding confrontation with non-Hindi speaking southern states particularly Tamil Nadu. It has also strengthened the spirit of federalism.
Explain how the federal experiment has been formation successful in the matter of formation of states in India.
The success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in the country. This has ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal for alt" This has happened in various ways such as creation of linguistRead more
The success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in the country. This has ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal for alt” This has happened in various ways such as creation of linguistic states as mentioned below:
See less(i) Position at the time of independence: At the time of independence in 1947, there were different states having more than one language culture.
(ii) State Reorganisation Commission (1956) : Under State Reorganisation commission in 1956, the states were created on the basis of language. Many states vanished and new States came into existence.
(iii) Creation of Haryana and other states: Even after the state Reorganisation commission, the demand for creation of new states continued. In 1966, Haryana was created out of the State of Punjab. Some States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created to recognise the cultural and ethnic differences. Although there have been some opposition to the creation of states on the basis of language but experience has poved that the country has become more united’ It has also made administration easier. Our federation is an example of ‘holding together’ federation. Under this the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together has become a shared ideal. The creation of states on the basis of language is a proof of this and it has strengthened the spirit of federalism in India.
Describe special powers or provisions for some states in India.
The Constitution of India does not grant equal powers to all States. Some States enjoy special status as given below: (l) Jammu and Kashmir: Under Article 370, the concurrence of the state is required for making laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists. Jammu and Kashmir has its oRead more
The Constitution of India does not grant equal powers to all States. Some States enjoy special status as given below:
See less(l) Jammu and Kashmir: Under Article 370, the concurrence of the state is required for making laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Again Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house there. Amendments to the Indian Constitution under Article 868 cannot apply without the concurrence of the J and K government.
(ii) North-Eastern and smaller States have been given more representation in the Rajya Sabha.
(lll) North-Eastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have a sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture which can be retained under Article 371.
(iv) There are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with any of the existing States. Such areas are like Chandigarh or Lakshadweep or the Capital city of Delhi. These are known as Union Territories and are run by the Central Government.
The exact balance of power between the central and the state governments varies from one federation to another. Explain with the help of two suitable examples.
It is correct to state that the exact balance of power between the central and state governments varies from one federation to another due to the following factors: (l) The balance depends on the historical context in which the federation was formed. For example there is too much diversity in India.Read more
It is correct to state that the exact balance of power between the central and state governments varies from one federation to another due to the following factors:
See less(l) The balance depends on the historical context in which the federation was formed. For example there is too much diversity in India. So to keep it united, it was necessary to make the central government more powerful under ‘holding together’ federation.
(ii) The balance of power depends on the route through which federations have been formed. Under ‘coming together’ federation, member states have equal powers vis-a-vis thefederal government whereas under ‘holding together’ the centre is powerful than the states.
(iii) Under ‘coming together’ small states join hands to form a bigger unit such as USA, Australia and Switzerland.
(iv) Under ‘holding together’ large countries form federation and decide to divide its power between constituent states and the national government as in India.
Describe the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the union government and the state governments. Who can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists and what name has been given to such subjects?
(a) Power has been distributed between the Centre and the States as given below: (i) Union List: It contains subjects of national importance such as defence, currency and foreign affairs. Only Union Government can make laws on the subjects of Union List. (ii) State List: It contains subjects of locaRead more
(a) Power has been distributed between the Centre and the States as given below:
See less(i) Union List: It contains subjects of national importance such as defence, currency and foreign affairs. Only Union Government can make laws on the subjects of Union List.
(ii) State List: It contains subjects of local importance such as police and agriculture. The State Governments make laws on these subjects.
(iii) Concurrent List: The subjects like education, forest, marriage have been included in this list. Both the governments i.e., Central as well as State Governments – can make laws on these subjects. In case of conflict between two laws, the law made by the Central Government will prevail.
(iv) Residuary Subjects: The power relating to subjects which have not been included in either of the lists have been given to the Central Government i.e., computer software.
(b) From above it is clear that more powers have been given to the Central Government. The subjects of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, currency, have been included in the Union List. In the Concurrent List too, if the laws made by the Centre and the States conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government prevails. Residuary powers have been vested with the central government which has made it more powerful than the states.